Exam 1 Review Flashcards
What is Liability?
being legally responsible for harm done to another person
What is Negligence?
failure to perform duty or perform it properly
What are the standards of reasonable care?
person is capable of performing duty, uses common sense, operates within legal and educational limits
How to Establish Negligence
- duty existed between healthcare provider and injured person
- duty wasn’t fulfilled
- injury occurred as a result
- damages
Four Elements of Negligence
- Duty
- Breach of duty
- Causation
- Damages - property, personal, or punitive
What are Torts?
legal wrongs committed
What are the different types of torts?
Nonfeasance - failure to perform
Malfeasance - not within legal bounds
Misfeasance - performed improperly
What is the statue of limitations?
length of time injured person can sue for negligence (1-3 yrs)
What is Assumption of Risk?
athlete is made aware of dangers involved with sport
typically a waiver
What is an express warranty?
manufacturer’s guarantee that product is safe
who is responsible for equipment standards?
National Operating Committee on Standards of Athletic Equipment
What is general health insurance?
covers illnesses, hospitalization, and emergency care
What is secondary insurance?
provided through institution to cover costs above primary insurance coverage
What type of coverage must athletes have ?
primary insurance coverage
What is the Health Maintenance Organization?
provides preventive measures and dictates where person can receive care
permission is required to see someone outside of plan (apart from emergencies)
will pay 100% of costs if in plan
What is Preferred Providers Organization?
provides discount health care and limits where treatment can be obtained
fee-for-service basis compared to monthly or semi-annual
Why do professionals need insurance
lawsuits as a result of injury or negligence
What insurance should professionals get?
Errors and Omissions Liability insurance ( can be covered by employers)
Personal Liability insurance ( if working solo)
What are the benefits of warming up?
increased body temp, increased blood flow, stretches ligaments and muscles, increased flexibility, and reduces chance of injury
Scientific Benefits of Warm-up?
muscles relax and contract faster
increased temp results in decreased viscous resistance, better muscle movement
better oxygen supply
increased metabolic rate
aerobic metabolism is prepped
less restriction to airways ( reduced pulmonary resistance)
What is the difference between strength, muscular endurance, and power?
strength - ability to generate force against resistance
muscular endurance - repetitive muscular contractions
power - produce strength quickly and efficiently
What are the differences between isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic contractions?
isometric - contraction that results in no change of length
isotonic - concentric and eccentric contractions (basic lifting)
isokinetic - velocity of muscles contraction remains constant, but length of muscle changes
What are the four consideration in training?
- type of activity
- frequency
- intensity
- duration
What 4 mechanism can heat be gained or dissipated from?
conduction (direct contact)
convection ( cool air or water)
Radiation ( heat generated from metabolism)
Evaporation ( sweat evaporates from skin)
What to consider when sweating?
lose 1 qt of water per hour for up to 2 hours
relative humidity of 65% impairs sweat evap
relative humidity of 75% stops evaporation
What to think about when monitoring heat index?
heat, sunshine, humidity
ambient air temp and relative humidity
WBGT - measures heat and humidity to determine safety measures
Describe Heat Syncope
How to Treat
overexposure to heat, rapid fatigue, pooling of blood, dizziness
cool yourself
Describe Exertional Heat Cramps
How to treat
painful muscle spasms caused by overheating, a result of water loss and electrolyte imbalance
balance electrolytes with water, light stretching and ice
Describe Heat Exhaustion
How to treat
profuse sweating, mild temp, dizziness, hyperventilating, rapid pulse, core of 102
fluids and cool environment
Exertional Heatstroke and how to treat
seriously life-threatening, sudden onset collapse, flushed hot skin, minimal sweating, shallow breathing, strong rapid pulse, core temp of > 104 F
Treat by strip clothing, sponge with cool water, immerse in water, go to hospital
How to prevent heat illness
common sense, consume fluids, stay cool, only 50% of fluid is ever replaced
hydration helps with blood volume
water is rapidly absorbed from intestine, cold drinks are best
What is the purpose of Gradual Acclimatization
best method to avoid heat stress, it’s getting used to heat and training in the heat, progressive exposure for 7-10 days
80% of acclimatization can be achieved in the first 5-6 day with 2-2 hr training sessions
keep track of weight for water loss
What is Frostnip and how to treat
high winds and severe cold cause cold painless blisters
treat with firm pressure, warm air and dont rub
What is Frostbite? Two Types
superficial - only skin subcutaneous tissue: pale, hard, re-warming will be painful and blister for weeks
deep frostbite - frozen skin needs hospitalization, gradually rewarm with 100-110F, tissue is red/black, swollen, gangrenous
What are the long term effects of overexposure to the sun?
premature aging and skin cancer from ultraviolet expousre
Dealing with lightening and thunderstorms?
2 cause of death with weather phenomena
Emergency action plan will greatly help with decisions
What is the Flash-to-bang method
estimates distance to storm
time lightening is spotted till thunder is heard, divide count by 5 for mileage
a count of 30 is dangerous
What is a primary survey?
“on field”
Assessment of life-threatening problems (ABC’s)
assess levels of consciousness (AVPU)
rub knuckles on sternum or do upper trap pinch to evaluate pain
On-Field Assessment
once you’ve established consciousness
- The seriousness of injury
- injured person needs to be removed
Emergency Splinting Important points
- splint one joint above and one joint below
- splint the injury how it was found it order to avoid making things worse
check circulation and pulse
What is difference between ambulatory aid and manual conveyance?
ambulatory aid - assistance to someone that could walk on their own
manual conveyance - they need others to move them
HEP B (HBV) and symptoms
major cause of viral infection, swelling and loss of normal liver function
flu-like symptoms, possibly jaundice
How to prevent HBV
good personal hygiene and be cautious of fluids
Hep C (HCV)
acute and chronic liver disease
80% don’t have symptoms
jaundice and liver problems
What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?
retrovirus that combines with host cell and destroys immune system
43 mil with HIV in 2004
What are the symptoms and signs of HIV?
fatigue, painful swollen muscles, joints, and glands
antibodies develop after 1 year of exposure
can go 8-10 years without signs and symptoms
What is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome?
last stage of HIV
die within 2 years
How to prevent HIV
safe sex and drugs
drugs: DESCOVY, PrEP, TRUVADA
How to deal with athletes wounds?
cover open wounds and lesions
avoid cross contamination
avoid blood
How to make disinfectant and deal with contaminated items?
surfaces should be cleaned with solution of 1:10 ratio (bleach:water)
separate, bag, and label contaminated items like towels
What are sharps? How to deal with scissors and tweezers?
needles, razors, scalpels
sterilize and disinfect regularly
How to deal with puncture wounds?
check for rust, leave in body unless in mouth
What’s an avulsion? How to treat an avulsion? What’s an incision?
Avulsion - skin is torn from body w/ major bleeding
Treatment - place in saline, plastic bag with cold water, take to hospital
Incision - wounds with smooth edges
What are abrasions and lacerations?
Abrasion - big scraped away skin patch
Laceration - long jagged cut
Who is in charge of Universal Precautions? What’s the purpose?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Provides protection for healthcare provider and patient
What’s important to understand about dressing
keep sterile, occlusive dressing to minimize scarring, antibacterial ointments limit bacterial growth
What are the signs of infection?
inflammation, heat, redness, pus, fever
