exam 4 other Flashcards
layer that is continuous with endocardium of the heart
endothelium of capillaries
effect on chamber size from pulmonary hypertension
thick right ventricle
portion of the atria that do not expand
auricles
ridge between the pectinate muscles and smooth posterior wall f the right atrium
crista terminalis
which ventricle has thicker muslces
left because it is pumping systemically
what is meant by intrinsic conducting system of the heart?
nerves do not directly control the functions of the heart
what is the primary pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node
what is the secondary pacemaker of the heart
the atrioventricular bundle
what is meant by anastomotic flow?
there are backup pathways if a blockage were to occur such as in the circle of willis.
what becomes of the ductus arteriosus
ligamentum anteriosum
what becomes of the umbilical arteies
medial umbilical ligaments
what is the most oxygenated vessel in fetal circulation
umbilical vein
which elements of fetal circulation bypass pulmonary circulation
ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
function of ductus venosus
blood diverts the liver
function of intercalated discs
bonding cardiac muscle cells together and in transmitting signals between cells
additional function of juxtamedullary nephron
keeps medullar tissue very salty to allow water conservation
name for peritubular capillaries of juxtamedullary nephrons
vasa recta
what function occurs within the renal corpuscle
filtration
what function occurs in the tubular portions of the nephrons
resorption and secretion
function of macula densa
release of renin in distal convoluted tubule which increases blood pressure.
level of the kidneys
t12-l3
branching of the renal artery
interlobar, arcuate, interlobular, then afferent arterioles that enteter the glomerular capsule
which is the more prominent type of nephron
cortical nephron
function of intercalated cells of collecting duct
acid/ base balance
function of principal cells of collecting duct
resorb na and secrete k
juxtaglomerular cells
smooth muscle cells which contracts in response to macula densa reducing gfr
what becomes of the gonadal ridge
testes/ovaries
what is formed by the mesonephric duct
vas deferens, epididymis, and ejaculatory ducts
what is formed by the parmesonephric duct
uterine tube and uterus
what is homologous to the labia majora
scrotum
what is homologous to the labia minora
penile urethra
what is homologous to the vestibular bulb
corpus spongiosum
what is homologous to the vestibular gland
bulbourethral gland
what is homologous to prostate gland
paraurethral/ skene’s gland
function of gubernaculum
pulls testes down in scrotum via relative shortening
function of sustinacular/certolia cells
surround, support, and nourish the testes
difference between spermatogenesis and spermeogenesis
spermatogenesis is from primary spermatocyte to sperm and spermeogenesis is just from spermatids to sperm
precurser to spermatocyte
spermatogonia
which cells provide seal for blood-testes barrier
sustinacular cells
covering of sperm head with digestive enzymes
acrosome
where is mitochondria in sperm
neck
energy source found in semen
fructose
describe musculature of epididymis and ductus deferens
longitudinal, circular, longitudinal smooth muscle
what type of gland is the prostate
tubular alveolar gland
secretions of seminal vesicles
fructose, prostaglandin
function of prostaglandin
reverse uterus peristalsis
secretions of bulbourethral gland
alkaline mucus to get rid of trace acids
what nervous systems divisions are active in male reproductive measures
parasympathetic-erection
sympathetic- ejaculation
process of delivery of the baby
partuition
resorption of all follicles that do not ovulate
atresia
what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur
degenerates into tunica albicans
what causes the ovum to develop
leutinizing hormone
what vessels serve the stratum functionale
spiral arteries
what is the normal position of the uterus
anteverted
The constricted part of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina is called the
cervix
What structure reabsorbs the most glomerular filtrate?
proximal convoluted tubule
What hormone regulates water permeability in the collecting duct?
adh
What cells produce testosterone?
interstitial cells
If the chordae tendinae of an animal’s heart were cut, the most likely effect would be
valvular prolapse
An erectile tissue present in the penis but absent from the clitoris is
corpus spongiosum
Tubular fluid is called urine by the end of the
collecting duct
What is found in the ovarian cortex?
ovarian follicles and connective tissue
A nephron consists of two portions
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
the blood-testes barrier…
Protects sperm antigens from exposure to the cells of the immune system
posterior cerebral arteries branch from…
basilar arteries
Which condition of the heart is most likely to contribute to pulmonary hypertension
mitral valve stenosis
The shortest portion of the male urethra is the ___
membranous urethra
The female gamete is not completely created until meiosis 2. Meiosis 2 occurs when
the secondary oocyte has been fertilized by sperm
What is the outer, fibrous covering of the heart that is made up of dense irregular
connective tissue?
parietal pericardium
Filtration occurs in the
renal corpuscle
Principal cells in the kidney are responsible for
regulation of na/k levels
Cardiac centers located in the ___ either accelerate or inhibit the heart.
medulla oblongata
Due to cardiac muscle cells being almost totally dependent on aerobic respiration,
the sarcoplasm
Has a huge reserve of mitochondria and myoglobin
What is the function of the carotid sinus?
baroreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure
What vein(s) drains the thoracic and abdominal walls?
azygos
The loop of Henle is found in the renal
medulla
A weakened vessel that bulges when the heart contracts is called
an aneyrism
During the QRS wave
the atria are repolarizing (and ventricles depolarizing)
All of the following processes are important in follicular development. Which one
occurs first?
gnhr secretion
The cervical canal opens into
The vagina inferiorly and the uterus superiorly
The process of oogenesis in the female ultimately gives rise to
1 ovum and 2 polar bodies
What feature of intercalated discs allows electrical signals to pass directly from
one cell to the next?
gap junctions
All of the following are supplied by branches of the celiac trunk except
small intestines
When the semilunar valves closed?
the ventricles are relaxing
How many pulmonary arteries empty into the right atrium of the heart?
none
If there is a blockage between the SA and AV node, the ECG would show one of
the following patterns:
There would be more QRS complexes than P waves
The capillary beds that receive blood from the efferent arterioles (in the kidney)
are called the
peritubular capillaries
What percentage of the total volume of blood circulating through the body makes it through the kidneys in one day?
25
What percentage of the total volume of blood circulating through the body makes it through the kidneys in one day?
25
Which of these is not a tributary of the hepatic portal vein?
lumbar vein
Blood in the hepatic portal vein carries blood
high in nutrient
The circle of Willis “encircles” which of the following?
infundibulum of the pituitary gland
One of the major differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle is that cardiac muscle
lacks a triad
The vesicouterine pouch is located
anterior to the uterus
When the vas deferens fuses with the base of the seminal vesicle, it forms (the)
ejaculatory duct
In fetal circulation, blood may bypass the pulmonary circuit by passing from the
pulmonary trunk to the aorta through the
ductus arteriosus
The atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves are closed during
ventricular systole
The midline raised structure of the external scrotum is the
perineal raphe
The ovarian follicles, after birth, will have within them
follicular cells and an oocyte
During their period of systole, the inner volume of the atrial chambers
decreases
The Mesovarium ligament attaches to the ovary to
the broad ligament
The contents of the spermatic cord do not include
The gubernaculum testis
Atrial and ventricular musculature is known as a functional syncytium because
each functions like an enormous muscle cell
The coronary sinus….
receives collected blood from great and middle cardiac veins
The first location in the kidney where the completely formed urine reaches is the
minor calyx
The septa of the testis are formed from a part of the
Collagen fibers of the tunica albuginea
The vagina is lined by a
stratified squamous
The ovarian cycle is initiated by which of the following hormones?
fsh only
The inner layer of the renal capsule lines the
renal sinus
Podocytes form the lining of the
bowman’s capsule
During the time period occurring between the closure of the tricuspid valve
and the closure of the appropriate semilunar valve
the ventricle is contracting
If the amount of blood that was to return to the right atrium was dramatically
reduced, what would happen to the stimulation pattern of the heart?
the sympathetic nervous system would become more active
How would the heart rate be affected if there was a blockage of the AV node?
The heart rate would slow dramatically, and become extremely irregular,
contracting only when the ventricles become overfull
An intercalated disk is or does all of the following except
Have a smooth junction between the sarcolemma of abutting muscle cells
Functions of the urinary system exclude
hormonal control of blood sugar levels
Each nephron empties into the
collecting duct
By the third month of development, fetal kidneys begin to produce filtrate.
How and why does this filtrate differ from that secreted in the adult?
The fetal filtrate does not contain waste products, which are instead excreted through the placenta
Fertilization of a mature ovum normally occurs in the
the uterine tube
The most typical changes that occur during the male climacteric include:
declining testosterone levels
The septa of the testis are formed from a part of the
extensions of the tunica albugenia
The right atrium can be distinguished from the left atrium based upon all of these
criteria EXCEPT
the opening of the coronary artery
A person has a condition where it seen that his atrial chambers and ventricular
chambers both are capable of contracting however, often there are two or more atrial
contractions in a row before the ventricle contracts. Based upon just this information you
would conclude that this pattern was due to a problem in his
cardiac conduction system
Fenestrated capillaries
have windows or pores in their walls
The hormone that appears in the human bloodstream soon after implantation
occurs and is indicative of pregnancy is
hcg
In the testis, the first step in meiosis is the
Production of interstitial cells in response to a surge in the production of LH
Which of the following is an important function of the vaginal canal?
can stretch
The process of urination is coordinated by the
micturation reflex
Blood enters the nephron via the
afferent arteriole
The chambers of the heart fill during
diastole
The touch structure that surrounds the heart and helps prevent overfilling is the
pericardial sac
The most extensive connection of the uterus to the pelvic wall is the
broad ligament
The menstrual cycle begins with
the onset of menses
The narrow space linking the scrotum to the peritoneal cavity is the
inguinal canal
Nephroptosis is a condition associated with changes in this structure
the adipose capsule
The thinnest-walled blood vessels in the body are
capillaries
Into which division of the urethra, if any, do the ejaculatory ducts open?
prostatic urethra
The mid-ventral mass of erectile tissue in the penis is a
corpus spongiosum
In which of the following structures can blood be found?
i. Bowman’s capsule
ii. Glomerulus
iii. Efferent arteriole
iv. Loop of Henle
v. Collecting tubule
vi. Vasa recta
2,3,6
All of these structures are associated with the pre-ovulatory follicle except
granulosa cells
The male reproductive duct that is six meters long but is tightly coiled into a 3.5
cm. distance is the _____.
vas deferens
Which structure(s) are under somatic motor control?
external urethral sphincter
Trace the route of an oxygenated red blood cell from the time it passes into the
kidney in a renal artery until it enters a venule as a deoxygenated red blood cell by
placing the following vessels in their correct order
i. Segmental artery
ii. Arcuate artery
iii. Interlobar artery
iv. Peritubular capillary
v. Afferent arteriole
vi. Peritubular venule
vii. Efferent arteriole
viii. Interlobular artery
ix. Glomerular capillaries
c. 1,3,2,8,5,9,7,4,6
The vestibular bulbs serve to
constrict the vagina during intercourse
The two portions of a nephron that commonly contribute to the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the
Distal portion of ascending limb of loop of Henle and afferent arteriole
A patient who suffers from chronic bladder infections could eventually develop a
more serious kidney infection. Which structure is responsible for the spread of the
inflammation?
ureter
Maximum pressure in the cardiac cycle is attained due to or during
ventricular systole
Which cells produce estrogen?
theca cells
The seminal vesicles are found
on the dorsal surface of the urinary bladder
When a clot forms in a coronary vessel and obstructs blood flow to the muscle,
the condition is referred to as
coronary thrombosis
The glomerulus is made up of many
fenestrated capillaries
The spermatic cord does not include
efferent ductules
EKG analysis is especially useful in detecting
cardiac arrythmias
Which of the following conditions would be caused if the amount of blood entering the ascending aorta with each contraction of the heart were increased?
The amount of blood entering the right atrium of the heart would have been increased
Which of the following is a major component of the conduction system located in
the interventricular septum?
bundle branches
What vessel collects blood that has passed through and supplied the heart tissue
and empties into the right atrium
coronary sinus
Development of a girl’s breasts at puberty is called
thelarche
Speech centers in the brain may be affected mostly by blockages in the
middle cerebral artery
