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Anatomy > exam 2 other > Flashcards

exam 2 other Flashcards

1
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in muscle cell size (not number)

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2
Q

covers individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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3
Q

covers a muscle fascicle

A

perimysium

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4
Q

covers the muscle itself

A

epimysium

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5
Q

what type of muscle does not have sarcomeres/ myofibrils

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

type of muscle without gap junctions

A

skeletal muscle

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7
Q

layer of muscle that blends into tendon

A

epimysium

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8
Q

connects periosteum to bone

A

sharpey’s fibers

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9
Q

equivalent of cell membrane in muscle

A

sarcolemma

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10
Q

superficail fascia between…

A

muscle and skin

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11
Q

deep fascia between…

A

muscle and muscle

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12
Q

example of parallel fascicle arrangement

A

rectus abdominus

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13
Q

dark band

A

a band

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14
Q

lighter band

A

i band

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15
Q

what does titin attach to

A

z disk and myosin

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16
Q

thick filament

A

myosin

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17
Q

thin filament

A

actin

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18
Q

in i band

A

actin only

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19
Q

in a band

A

actin and myosin

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20
Q

in h zone

A

myosin only

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21
Q

each globular structure of actin

A

g-actin

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22
Q

entire actin filament

A

f-actin

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23
Q

active site for myosin and ca

A

g-actin

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24
Q

active site for atp

A

myosin

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25
Q

block the active site for myosin on actin

A

troponin and tropomyosin

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26
Q

without atp, muscles freeze in position

A

rigor mortis

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27
Q

muscular component at nmj

A

motor end plate

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28
Q

neural component at nmj

A

synaptic end bulb

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29
Q

red muscle fibers aka

A

slow oxidative muscle fibers

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30
Q

white muscle fibers aka

A

fast glycolytic muscle fibers

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31
Q

dystrophin within the muscle fiber prevents contraction

A

muscular dystrophy

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32
Q

demyelination of axons in cns prevents nerve impulses from reaching motor unit

A

multiple sclerosis

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33
Q

reduction in ach receptors at motor end plate

A

myasthenia gravis

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34
Q

restricts motor tracts in ventral tract in spinal cord

A

amyotrphic lateral sclerosis

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35
Q

fascicle arrangement of temporalis

A

bipennate

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36
Q

fascicle arrangement of masseter

A

multipenate

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37
Q

depressors of mastication

A

external pterygoid and lateral pterygoid and digastric

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38
Q

elevators of mastication

A

internal pterygoid and lateral pterygoid

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39
Q

connective tissue which coves epimysium and is continuous with the tendon

A

fascia

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40
Q

fascicle arrangement that shortens the most

A

parallel

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41
Q

example of unipenate

A

digitorum longus (of leg)

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42
Q

middle thickened portion of a muscle

A

belly

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43
Q

cytoplasm equivalent of muscle

A

sarcoplasm

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44
Q

neuronal bodies in peripheral nervous system

A

ganglia

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45
Q

neuronal bodies in central nervous system

A

nuclei

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46
Q

afferent associated with

A

sensory input

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47
Q

efferent associated with

A

motor output

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48
Q

gap between two neuronal cells

A

synapse

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49
Q

another name for neuronal body

A

soma

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50
Q

receptive region of neuron

A

dendrtie

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51
Q

most common type of neuron

A

multipolar neuron

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52
Q

equivalent of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons

A

nissl bodies

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53
Q

impulse-generating and conducting region of a neuron

A

axon

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54
Q

type of neurons that are most sensory neurons

A

unipolar

55
Q

where are bipolar neurons found

A

retina of the eye/ ear and nose

56
Q

where are most multipolar neurons

A

interneurons within the cns

57
Q

all of this type of neuron is sensory

A

bipolar

58
Q

where are anaxonal neurons found

A

retina of the eye

59
Q

provide myelination in cns

A

oligodendricytes

60
Q

preferred nutrient source for neurons

A

lactate

61
Q

provide nutrient support and protection in cns

A

astrocytes

62
Q

provide nutrient support and protection in pns

A

satellite cells

63
Q

provide myelination in pns

A

schwann cells

64
Q

most abundant cns neuroglia

A

astrocytes

65
Q

line csf filled cavities

A

ependymal cells

66
Q

fastest axons

A

thick myelinated (motor and sensory)

67
Q

slowest axons

A

thin unmyelinated

68
Q

toxins from bacterial infections attack myelin sheath

A

diptheria

69
Q

demyelination of pns neurons, autoimmune

A

guillain-barre syndrome

70
Q

depolarize the postsynaptic cell

A

epsps

71
Q

repolarize the postsynaptic cell

A

ipsps

72
Q

excitatory to skeletal muscles but inhibits cardiac

A

acetylcholine

73
Q

excitatory to cardiac but inhibitory to air passages

A

norepinephrine

74
Q

involved with reward centers and parkinsons

A

dopamine

75
Q

involved in ipsp generation that opens channels for cl- influx

A

gama

76
Q

ways that synapse activity can stop

A

reuptake, degredation, or diffusion

77
Q

involved in reuptake

A

astrocytes or axon terminal

78
Q

pathways with feedback

A

reverberating pathways

79
Q

another name for sympathetic division

A

thoracolumbar division

80
Q

another name for parasympathetic division

A

craniosacral division

81
Q

what do nerve cells lack making it so that they do not divide

A

centrioles

82
Q

produce csf

A

ependymal cells

83
Q

regulate exchange of materials within pns extracellular fluid

A

satellite cells

84
Q

abdormal accumulation of glycolipid in myelin disruption nerve condition

A

tay-sachs disease

85
Q

where does the spinal cord end in an adult

A

approximately l2

86
Q

spinal nerves below the spinal cord

A

cauda equina

87
Q

between lumbar spinal nerves holding in place

A

filum terminale

88
Q

region of spinal nerves that do not serve plexuses

A

thoracic

89
Q

number of each spinal nerve

A

8, 12, 5,5,1 (same as vertebrae except one extra cervical and coccygeal only has 1)

90
Q

spinal nerves associated with cervical plexus

A

c1-c5

91
Q

spinal nerves associated with brachial plexus

A

c5-t1

92
Q

spinal nerves associated with lumbar plexus

A

l1-l4

93
Q

spinal nerves associated with sacral plexus

A

l4-s4

94
Q

each original segment served by a spinal nerve

A

dermatome

95
Q

function of dorsal spinal roots

A

sensory

96
Q

function of ventral spinal roots

A

motor

97
Q

associated with anterior spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure

98
Q

associated with posterior spinal cord

A

mesterior median sulcus

99
Q

found only in thoracolumbar spinal cord

A

lateral horns within gray matter

100
Q

first order neuron found

A

receptors to spinal cord or brainstem

101
Q

second order neuron found

A

spinal cord/ brainstem to the thalamus or cerebellum

102
Q

third order neuron

A

thalamus to cerebral cortex

103
Q

said to be the gateway to the conscious brain

A

thalamus

104
Q

where does decussation occur

A

between medulla oblongata and spinal cord

105
Q

describe the placement of gracile and cuneate

A

only gracile below t6, cuneate on lateral above this

106
Q

how many neurons are involved in motor control

A

2, upper and lower

107
Q

where does decussation occur for lateral corticospinal tract

A

medulla oblongata

108
Q

where does decussation occur for ventral corticospinal tract

A

spinal cord

109
Q

function of dural sinus

A

facilitate reabsorption of csf

110
Q

waste of csf circulation reabsorbed through

A

arachnoid granulations

111
Q

describe sinus flow

A

superior and inferior sagital sinus into confluence of sinus that goes into transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and then jugular vein

112
Q

connect adjacent gyri in the same hemisphere

A

association fibers

113
Q

connect between hemispheres

A

commisural fibers

114
Q

example of commisural fibers

A

corpus callosum amd anterior commisure

115
Q

form ascending and descending tracts

A

projection fibers

116
Q

type of fibers that undergo decasation

A

projection fibers

117
Q

examples of projection fibers

A

internal and external capsule

118
Q

fan-like projection of projection fibers

A

corona radiata

119
Q

describe decasation of the visual pathways

A

only medial vision crosses over

120
Q

housed within medulla oblongata

A

respiratory and cardiac centers

121
Q

makes up cerebral peduncle

A

cerebral hemisphere and brain stem

122
Q

responsibility of superior colliculus of corpa quadrigemina

A

turn towards visual stimulus

123
Q

responsibility of inferior colliculus of corpa quadrigemina

A

turn toward auditory stimulus

124
Q

functions of limbic system

A

emotion, motivation, fear, food, fighting, and sexual activity

125
Q

another name for broca’s aphasia

A

expressive aphasia

126
Q

aphasia associated with wernike’s area

A

receptive aphasia

127
Q

aphasia associated with acuate fasciculus

A

nominal aphasia

128
Q

connects brocas and werneke’s areas

A

arcuate fasciculs

129
Q

two role of astrocytes

A

help form blood brain barrier and convert glucose to lactate

130
Q

muscles store energy in their

A

glycogen

131
Q

return csf to the bloodstream

A

arachnoid villi

132
Q

Because of an absence of __________, damaged nerve fibers in the CNS cannot regenerate

A

neurilemma

133
Q

where the spinal cord ends

A

medullary cone

134
Q

group of interconnected neurons with a specific function

A

neuron pool

Anatomy (20 decks)

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