exam 2 other Flashcards
hypertrophy
increase in muscle cell size (not number)
covers individual muscle fibers
endomysium
covers a muscle fascicle
perimysium
covers the muscle itself
epimysium
what type of muscle does not have sarcomeres/ myofibrils
smooth muscle
type of muscle without gap junctions
skeletal muscle
layer of muscle that blends into tendon
epimysium
connects periosteum to bone
sharpey’s fibers
equivalent of cell membrane in muscle
sarcolemma
superficail fascia between…
muscle and skin
deep fascia between…
muscle and muscle
example of parallel fascicle arrangement
rectus abdominus
dark band
a band
lighter band
i band
what does titin attach to
z disk and myosin
thick filament
myosin
thin filament
actin
in i band
actin only
in a band
actin and myosin
in h zone
myosin only
each globular structure of actin
g-actin
entire actin filament
f-actin
active site for myosin and ca
g-actin
active site for atp
myosin
block the active site for myosin on actin
troponin and tropomyosin
without atp, muscles freeze in position
rigor mortis
muscular component at nmj
motor end plate
neural component at nmj
synaptic end bulb
red muscle fibers aka
slow oxidative muscle fibers
white muscle fibers aka
fast glycolytic muscle fibers
dystrophin within the muscle fiber prevents contraction
muscular dystrophy
demyelination of axons in cns prevents nerve impulses from reaching motor unit
multiple sclerosis
reduction in ach receptors at motor end plate
myasthenia gravis
restricts motor tracts in ventral tract in spinal cord
amyotrphic lateral sclerosis
fascicle arrangement of temporalis
bipennate
fascicle arrangement of masseter
multipenate
depressors of mastication
external pterygoid and lateral pterygoid and digastric
elevators of mastication
internal pterygoid and lateral pterygoid
connective tissue which coves epimysium and is continuous with the tendon
fascia
fascicle arrangement that shortens the most
parallel
example of unipenate
digitorum longus (of leg)
middle thickened portion of a muscle
belly
cytoplasm equivalent of muscle
sarcoplasm
neuronal bodies in peripheral nervous system
ganglia
neuronal bodies in central nervous system
nuclei
afferent associated with
sensory input
efferent associated with
motor output
gap between two neuronal cells
synapse
another name for neuronal body
soma
receptive region of neuron
dendrtie
most common type of neuron
multipolar neuron
equivalent of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons
nissl bodies
impulse-generating and conducting region of a neuron
axon
type of neurons that are most sensory neurons
unipolar
where are bipolar neurons found
retina of the eye/ ear and nose
where are most multipolar neurons
interneurons within the cns
all of this type of neuron is sensory
bipolar
where are anaxonal neurons found
retina of the eye
provide myelination in cns
oligodendricytes
preferred nutrient source for neurons
lactate
provide nutrient support and protection in cns
astrocytes
provide nutrient support and protection in pns
satellite cells
provide myelination in pns
schwann cells
most abundant cns neuroglia
astrocytes
line csf filled cavities
ependymal cells
fastest axons
thick myelinated (motor and sensory)
slowest axons
thin unmyelinated
toxins from bacterial infections attack myelin sheath
diptheria
demyelination of pns neurons, autoimmune
guillain-barre syndrome
depolarize the postsynaptic cell
epsps
repolarize the postsynaptic cell
ipsps
excitatory to skeletal muscles but inhibits cardiac
acetylcholine
excitatory to cardiac but inhibitory to air passages
norepinephrine
involved with reward centers and parkinsons
dopamine
involved in ipsp generation that opens channels for cl- influx
gama
ways that synapse activity can stop
reuptake, degredation, or diffusion
involved in reuptake
astrocytes or axon terminal
pathways with feedback
reverberating pathways
another name for sympathetic division
thoracolumbar division
another name for parasympathetic division
craniosacral division
what do nerve cells lack making it so that they do not divide
centrioles
produce csf
ependymal cells
regulate exchange of materials within pns extracellular fluid
satellite cells
abdormal accumulation of glycolipid in myelin disruption nerve condition
tay-sachs disease
where does the spinal cord end in an adult
approximately l2
spinal nerves below the spinal cord
cauda equina
between lumbar spinal nerves holding in place
filum terminale
region of spinal nerves that do not serve plexuses
thoracic
number of each spinal nerve
8, 12, 5,5,1 (same as vertebrae except one extra cervical and coccygeal only has 1)
spinal nerves associated with cervical plexus
c1-c5
spinal nerves associated with brachial plexus
c5-t1
spinal nerves associated with lumbar plexus
l1-l4
spinal nerves associated with sacral plexus
l4-s4
each original segment served by a spinal nerve
dermatome
function of dorsal spinal roots
sensory
function of ventral spinal roots
motor
associated with anterior spinal cord
anterior median fissure
associated with posterior spinal cord
mesterior median sulcus
found only in thoracolumbar spinal cord
lateral horns within gray matter
first order neuron found
receptors to spinal cord or brainstem
second order neuron found
spinal cord/ brainstem to the thalamus or cerebellum
third order neuron
thalamus to cerebral cortex
said to be the gateway to the conscious brain
thalamus
where does decussation occur
between medulla oblongata and spinal cord
describe the placement of gracile and cuneate
only gracile below t6, cuneate on lateral above this
how many neurons are involved in motor control
2, upper and lower
where does decussation occur for lateral corticospinal tract
medulla oblongata
where does decussation occur for ventral corticospinal tract
spinal cord
function of dural sinus
facilitate reabsorption of csf
waste of csf circulation reabsorbed through
arachnoid granulations
describe sinus flow
superior and inferior sagital sinus into confluence of sinus that goes into transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and then jugular vein
connect adjacent gyri in the same hemisphere
association fibers
connect between hemispheres
commisural fibers
example of commisural fibers
corpus callosum amd anterior commisure
form ascending and descending tracts
projection fibers
type of fibers that undergo decasation
projection fibers
examples of projection fibers
internal and external capsule
fan-like projection of projection fibers
corona radiata
describe decasation of the visual pathways
only medial vision crosses over
housed within medulla oblongata
respiratory and cardiac centers
makes up cerebral peduncle
cerebral hemisphere and brain stem
responsibility of superior colliculus of corpa quadrigemina
turn towards visual stimulus
responsibility of inferior colliculus of corpa quadrigemina
turn toward auditory stimulus
functions of limbic system
emotion, motivation, fear, food, fighting, and sexual activity
another name for broca’s aphasia
expressive aphasia
aphasia associated with wernike’s area
receptive aphasia
aphasia associated with acuate fasciculus
nominal aphasia
connects brocas and werneke’s areas
arcuate fasciculs
two role of astrocytes
help form blood brain barrier and convert glucose to lactate
muscles store energy in their
glycogen
return csf to the bloodstream
arachnoid villi
Because of an absence of __________, damaged nerve fibers in the CNS cannot regenerate
neurilemma
where the spinal cord ends
medullary cone
group of interconnected neurons with a specific function
neuron pool
