Appendicular Skeleton and Joints Flashcards
a
head of the humerus (proximal and medial)
b
greater tubercle of the humerus (antelateral and proximal)
c
lesser tubercle of the humerus (completely anterior)
d
intertubercular groove of the humerus
e
surgical neck of the humerous
a
deltoid tuberosity of the humerus (anterior in the middle of bone)
a
capitulum of right humerus (antelateral distal)
b
trochlea of right humerus (antemedial distal)
c
medial epicondyle of right humerus (medial distal)
d
coronoid fossa of right humerus (proximal to trochlea)
e
radial fossa of right humerus (proximal to capitulum)
a
lateral epicondyle of humerus (smaller bump seen from the posterior)
b
olecrannon fossa of humerus (posterior and distal)
c
radial groove of humerus (seen from posterior)
a
head of the radius (proximal)
b
radial tuberosity of the radius (antemedial proximal side)
c
styloid process of the radius (lateral distal, points towards the thumb)
d
ulnar notch of the radius (distal medial)
a
trochlear notch of the ulna
b
olecranon process of the ulna
c
coronoid process of the ulna
d
ulnar tuberosity of the ulna
e
styloid process of the ulna (points towards pinky and makes this a left ulna)
c
head of the ulna
a
radial notch of the ulna (shows left ulna)
b
ulnar tuberosity of the ulna
id appendage
right hand
a
scaphoid/ navicular of the carpal bones
b
lunate of the carpal bones
c
triquetrium of the carpal bones
d
trapezium of the carpal bones
e
trapezoid of the carpal bones
f
capitate of the carpals
g
hamate of the carpals
a
pisiform of the carpal bones
b
metacarpal i
C
metacarpal ii
d
metacarpal iii
e
metacarpal iv
f
metacarpal v
a
proximal phalanx of the first digit/ pollex
b
distal phalanx of the first digit/ pollex
c
proxiaml phalanx of the fifth digit
d
middle phalanx of the fifth digit
e
distal phalanx of the fifth digit
a
head of the femur (proximal and medial)
b
fovea capitis of the femur
c
neck of the femur
d
greater trochanter of the femur (lateral)
e
lesser trochanter of the femur (medial)
f
linea aspera (posterior and shows that this is a right femur)
g
lateral condyle of the femur (posterior)
h
medial condyle of the femur (posterior)
i
medial epicondyle of the femur (mostly medial)
a
lateral epicondyle of the femur (larger and only see posterior)
b
patellar surface of the femur
a
gluteal tuberosity of the femur (posterior)
b
intertrochanter crest of the femur
c
pectineal line of the femur
a
base of the patella
b
apex of the patella (distal)
c
lateral articular facet of the patella
d
medial articular facet of the patella
a
medial condyle of the tibia (proximal)
b
lateral condyle of the tibia
c
tibial tuberosity (proximal anterior)
d
anterior crest of the tibia (anterior)
e
medial malleoulus (makes this a left tibia)
a
head of the fibula
b
lateral malleolus of the fibula (makes this a left fibula)
a
talus of the tarsal bones
b
calcaneus of the tarsal bones
c
navicular of the tarsal bones
d
cuboid of the tarsal bones
e
lateral (3rd) cuneiform of the tarsal bones
f
intermediate (2nd) cuneiform of the tarsal bones
g
medial (1st) cuneiform of the tarsal bones
a
metatarsal i
b
metatarsal ii
c
metatarsal iii
d
metatarsal iv
e
metatarsal v
a
proximal phalanx of the first digit (hallux
b
distal phalanx of the first digit (hallux)
c
proximal phalanx of the fifth digit
d
middle phalanx of the fifth digit
e
distal phalanx of the fifth digit
joints with no joint cavity
fibrous joints
types of fibrous joints
sutures, syndesmoses, and interosseous membranes
wavy interlocking bone held together by short fibrous tissue found in the skull
sutures
joints held together by ligaments
syndesmoses
examples of syndesmoses
gomphosis and distal tibiofibular joint
substantial sheets of dense connective tissue binding neighboring long bones together. determines range of motion and alternate sites for muscles. permits slight movement
interosseous membranes
examples of interosseous membranes
between the radius and ulna; tibia and fibula
joints joined by cartilage that are immovable to slightly movable
cartilaginous joints
types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses, symphyses, and epiphyseal plates
hyaline cartilage on bone surface joins to another bone’s surface at a joint
synchondroses
the attachment of the first costal cartilage to the manubrium of the sternum is an example of
synchondroses
fibrocartilage joins bones that are covered in hyaline cartilage
symphyses
examples of symphyses
intervertebral disks and pubic symphyses
the epiphyseal plate is a specialized type of
synchondroses
temporary hyaline cartilage plate found in long bones connecting the diaphyses and epiphyses that allows for bone growth
epiphyseal plate
most movable type of joint that contains a cavity filled with synovial fluid
synovial joint
types of synovial joints
plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints
what is the relationship between stability and movability when it comes to joints?
inverse relationship
flat or slightly curved bones slide back and forth or side to side; usually biaxial but could be triaxial
plane joints
examples of plane joints
intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, acromioclavicular joint, sternocostal, and vertebrocostal
convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another to allow uniaxial flexion and extension
hinge joint
examples of hinge joints
humeroulnar/olecranal joint, tibiofemoral (modified), ankle joint, and interphalangeal joints
rounded/ pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partially by a ligament and partially by another bone that allows rotation around a longitudinal axis
pivot joint
examples of pivot joint
atloaxial joint and radioulnar joint
the convex/ oval shaped projection of one bone fits in an oval-shaped depression of another to allow flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, and limited circumlocution (biaxial)
condyloid joints
examples of condyloid joints
radiocarpal joints (wrist) and metacarpophylangeal joints
articular surface of one bone fits in a saddle-shaped depression of another to provide flexion/ extension, abduction/ adduction/ and limited circumduction (biaxial)
saddle joints
example of saddle joints
carpometacarpal joint (between trapezium and 1st metacarpal) and the sternoclavicular joint
ball-like surface fits in the cup-like depression of another bone to made the most movable triaxial joint (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation)
ball-and-socket joint
examples of ball-and-socket joints
glenohumeral joints and coxal joints
immovable joints
synarthrosis
examples of synarthroses
sutures, epiphyseal plates, and synchondroses
slightly movable joints
amphiarthrosis
examples of amphiarthroses
interosseous membranes, symphyses, syndesmoses
freely-movable joints
diarthroses
examples of diarthroses
synovial joints
uniaxial joint examples
pivot and hinge joints
biaxial joint examples
plane, condyloid, and saddle joints
triaxial joint examples
ball-and-socket joints
example of gliding movement
waving of the hands
angular movement examples
flexion and extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction and adduction, circumvention
decreasing in angle
flexion
increasing in angle
extension
flexing in the frontal plane
lateral flexion
examples of lateral flexion
thumb movement or bending sideways
extending beyond anatomical position
hyperextension
what plane does abduction and adduction occur in?
the frontal plane
moving away from the midline
abduction
moving towards the midline
adduction
movement of a distal part of a bone in a circle
circumvention
bone revolves around a single longitudinal axis
rotation
movement that only describe the jaw or shoulder
elevation/ depression and protraction/ retraction
lifting up (shoulder or jaw)
elevation
dropping back down( of shoulder/ jaw)
depression
pushing forward
protraction
pushing back to return to anatomical position
retraction
turning the soles of your feet medially
inversion
turning the sole of your feet laterally
eversion
pointing toes up
dorsiflexion
pointing toes down
plantarflexion
having palms out anteriorly
supination
pointing palms posteriorly
pronation
thumbs touching the tips of opposing fingers
oppostion
id joint
glenohumeral joint
what type of joint is glenohumeral structurally?
ball and socket synovial joint
what type of joint is glenohumeral functionally?
triaxial diarthrotic joint
a
coracoacromial ligament
b
acromioclavicular ligament
c
coracohumeral ligament
a
coracoacromial ligamnet
b
coracohumeral ligament
c
articular capsule/ glenohumeral ligament
d
trapezoid ligament of the coracoclavicular ligaments
e
conoid ligament of the coracoclavicular ligaments
a
trapezoid ligament of the coracoclavicular ligaments
b
conoid ligament of the coracoclavicular ligaments
c
tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passing through the intertubercular groove
a
acromioclavicular ligament
b
coracoacromial ligament
c
transverse humeral ligament
white
glenohumeral ligaments
a
acromion of the scapula
b
humerus
c
clavicle
d
coracoid process of the scapula
a
acromioclavicular ligament
b
coracoacromial ligament
c
coracohumeral ligament
d
glenoidal labrum
function of the coracoacromial ligament
supports the superior surface of the capsule
function of the acromioclavicular ligament
restricts clavicular movement at the acromial end
function of the coracoclavicular ligaments
helps limit the relative movement between the clavicle and the scapula
a
ulnar collateral ligament
a
radial collateral ligament
b
annular ligament
a
ulna
b
humerus
c
radius
a
lateral/fibular collateral ligament
id joint
tibiofibemoral joint
b
anterior cruciate ligament
c
medial/tibial collateral ligament
a
lateral meniscus
b
medial meniscus
c
patellar ligament
a
posterior cruciate ligament
b
medial/tibial collateral ligament
c
lateral/fibular collateral ligament
a
medial meniscus
b
lateral meniscus
a
femur
b
patella
c
meniscus
d
tibia
a
anterior cruciate ligament
b
posterior cruciate ligament
c
quadriceps tendon
d
patellar ligament
id joint
coxal joint
a
iliofemoral ligament
b
pubofemoral ligament (only seen anterior)
.
ischiofemoral ligament (only seen from posterior)
a
acetabular labrum
b
iliofemoral ligament
c
ligamentum teres/ ligament of the femoral head/ ligamentum capitis femoris
d
acetabular labrum
a
iliofemoral ligament
b
pubofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament
acetabular labrum
transverse acetabular ligament
if pointing to acromioclavicular ligament but says id joint
acromioclavicular joint
maubrium of the sternum connects to the clavicle
sternoclavicular joint
classify hemeroulnar joint structurally
hinge synovial joint
classify humeroulnar joint functionally
uniaxial diarthrotic joint
classify tibiofemoral joint structurally
modified hinge synovial joint
classify tibiofemoral joint functionally
uniaxial diarthrotic joint
classify coxal joint structurally
ball-and-socket synovial joint
classify coxal joint functionally
triaxial diarthrotic joint
classify sternoclavicular joint structurally
saddle synovial joint
what type of tissue are ligaments made of
dense regular connective tissue
most common form of arthritis that is a disease of old age where articular cartilage softens, frays, cracks, and erodes
osteoarthritis
autoimmune disease where inflammation of the synovial membrane causes joint swelling and deterioration of connective tissue
rheumatoid arthritis
deformity of the foot where the first digit goes lateral and the metatarsal goes medially along with a medial bony swelling and bursitis
bunion
inflammation of the bursa from physical friction or a blow
bursitis
soles of the feet turn medially and toes inferiorly. treated by consecutive casts
club foot/ talipes equinovarus
knee most vunerable to
horizontal blows
most dangerous knee injury
lateral blows such anterior crucial ligament tears from turning quickly
bones of joint are forced out of allignment
luxation
partial dislocation in which bones can return to their usual position on their own
subluxation
inflammatory disease caused by bacteria from tick bites causing joint pain and arthritis particularly in the knee
lyme disease
removal of part of a torn meniscus
menisectomy
head of the humerus goes anterior and inferior
shoulder dislocation
dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint
shoulder separation
stretched or torn ligaments common in the spine, ankle, and knee
sprains
inflamation of the tendon
tendinitis
inflamation of the tendon sheath
tenosynovitis
describe clavicular fracture
happens anteriorly so the subclavian vessel is not pierced
distal end of the radius is forced proximally from falling with outstretched hands
colles’ fracture
bone fragments split into 3+ pieces
comminuted fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward, common of the skull
depressed fracture
epiphyses and diaphyses separate along the epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal fracture
bone breaks incompletely such that one side of the shaft breaks and the other bends. common in children because of more organic bone matrix
greenstick fractures
explain hip fractures as a result of ostoporosis
osteoporosis causes the fracture which then causes the fall
second and third metatarsals fracture from increasing running mileage too quickly
metatarsal stress fracture
serious injury at the distal end of the fibula’s lateral malleolus
pott’s fracture
fracture does not break skin
simple fracture
broken end of fractured bone protrudes through the skin
compound fracture
ragged break that occurs from excessive twisting
spiral fracture
