Axial Skeleton and Girdles Flashcards
made up of the core/centers of the body with functions of protecting and supporting core organs. contains the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, ribs, sternum and vertebrae
axial skeleton
contains the upper and lower limbs and girdles. associated with attachments for muscles that assist in movement
apendicular skeleton
vertebrae of the neck
cervical vertebrae
how many cervical vertebrae?
7
vertebrae of the chest
thoracic vertebrae
how many thoracic vertebrae?
12
vertebrae of the lower back
lumbar vertebrae
how many lumbar vertebrae?
5
how many total vertebrae?
24
how many vertebrae fused in sacrum?
5
how many vertebrae fused in coccyx
4
curvature based on fetal development with an anterior c shape
primary curvature
show primary curvature
thoracic and pelvic (sacral) curvature
curvature which shows a posterior c shape
secondary curvature
show secondary curvature
cervical curvature and lumbar curvature
when is cervical curvature developed
when a baby lifts their head
when is lumbar curvature developed?
when you start to stand
which vertebrae have bifid spinus processes?
C2-C6
name for C1
atlas
name for C2
axis
ribs attached directly to the sternum
true ribs
ribs indirectly attached to the sternum
false ribs
ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all
floating ribs
how many true ribs
7
how many false ribs
3
how many floating ribs
2
how many ribs total
12
belt of bone that completely encircles the body
girdle
what girdle is incomplete
pectoral girdle
what meets the ilium of the os coxa and the auricular surface?
sacrum
what sits in the acetabulum?
the femur
what is the pubic symphysis made up of?
fibrocartilage
a
pelvic (sacral) curvature
b
thoracic curvature
a
lumbar curvature
b
cervical curvature
a
intervertebral foramina
b
intervertebral discs
a
vertebral arch
b
lamina
c
pedicles
d
vertebral foramina
a
spinous process
b
body/ centrum
c
transverse process
a
superior articular facet
b
transverse process
c
spinous process
a
superior articular process
b
superior articular facet
c
inferior articular facet
d
inferior articular process
id vertebrae type
cervical vertebrae
a
transverse formamina
b
bifid spinous process
c
costal process
a
pedicle
b
centrum (body)
c
lamina
d
superior articular facet
id vertebrae
atlas (c1 vertebrae)
a
superior articular facet
b
superior articular process
id vertebrae
axis (c2 vertebrae)
a
bifid spinous process
b
odontoid process (dens)
id vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
a
superior demifacets
b
inferior demifacets
c
transverse costal facet
d
transverse process
a
atlas
b
cervical vertebrae
c
thoracic vertebrae
d
axis
e
vertebral prominens (c7)
f
lumbar vertebrae
id bone
sacrum
a
entrance to sacral canal
b
superior articular facet
c
superior articular process
d
auricular surface
e
sacral hiatus
a
dorsal sacral formamina
b
lateral sacral crest
c
median sacral crest
a
auricular surface
b
dorsal sacral foramina
c
superior articular process
a
ventral sacral foramina
b
sacral promontory
id bone
coccyx
a
coccygeal cornua
a
head
b
neck
c
tubercle
id bone
sternum
a
manubrium
b
costal cartilage
c
body
d
xiphoid process
a
true ribs
b
false ribs
c
floating ribs
white
ala
a
sternal (medial end)
b
acrominal (lateral) end
a
costal tubercosity
b
conoid tubercle
id bone
clavicle
id bone
scapula
a
acromion
b
coracoid process
c
glenoid cavity
d
lateral (axillary) border
a
infraspinous fossa
b
scapular spine
c
supraspinous fossa
a
subscapular fossa
b
infraglenoid tubercle
c
supraglenoid tubercle
what sits in the glenoid cavity?
head of the humerous
edge of the scapula oriented towards the vertebrae
medial (vertebral) border
id bone
os coxa
a
pubis
b
ischium
c
ilium
a
acetabulam
b
obturator foramen
c
ischial tuberosity
d
greater sciatic notch
a
ischial spine
b
lesser sciatic notch
c
posterior inferior iliac spine
d
posterior superior iliac spine
a
anterior gluteal lines
b
posterior gluteal lines
c
inferior gluteal lines
a
anterior inferior iliac spine
b
anterior superior iliac spine
c
iliac crest
d
auricular surface
a
pelvic brim
b
pelvic inlet
a
greater (false) pelvis
b
lesser (true) pelvis
a
pubic symphysis
b
pubic arch
abnormal lateral curvature of greater than 10 degrees in the thoracic region. severe cases can compress the lungs and cause difficulty breathing
scoliosis
exaggerated thoracic curvature that is most common in aged women
kyphosis
possible causes for kyphosis
osteoporosis, osteomalacia, or tuberculosis
accentuated lumbar curvature that is common in obese or pregnant individuals
lordosis
type of rheumatoid arthritis affecting men where the vertebrae become interconnected by fibrous tissue to the point that they become rigid
ankylosing spondylitis
outgrowths on a bone where tendons or ligaments become ossified at their point of connecting bone that may restrict movement
bone spurs
hyper-secretion of growth hormone in children causing excessive growth
giantism
hyper-secretion of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have closed, causing the hands, feet, and face in particular to become larger
acromegaly
nucleus of the intervertebral discs ruptures through the annulus pushing postlaterally on the spinal cord
herniated (slipped) disc
surgical removal of the vertebral lamina to reach a herniated disc
laminectomy
bacterial infection of the bone/bone marrow. pathogens enter from surrounding tissue infection, through the bloodstream, or from a compact bone fracture
osteomyelitis
low bone mass. increated number of osteoclasts. resorption exceeds deposition
osteoporosis
treatments for osteoporosis
vitamin d or calcium supplements; biphosphonate drugs
excessive bone deposition and resorption. Reduced mineralization. medullary cavity can fill with bone
paget’s disease
treatments for paget’s disease
biphosphonates and calcitonin
endochondrial ossification is decreased due to epiphyseal plate abnormalitites that cause short limbs with a normal-sized trunk
achondroplasia
adults with inadequate mineralization of bones. calcification does not occur. painful when weight is put on then which can result in paralysis or hydrocephalus in severe cases
osteomalacia
caudal portion of the neural tubes does not close completely leaving a portion of the spinal cord exposed through an opening in the back
spina bifida
analogous to osteomalacia in children. weakened bowed legs, malfunction of the head a rib cage
rickets
precursor to osteoparosis
osteopenia
hypo-secretion of growth hormone causes proportionate lack of growth
pituitary dwarfism
major supporting ligaments of the spine
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae
ligamentum flavum
inner sphere of intervertebral discs
nucleus pulposus
function of nucleus pulposus
enables spine to absorb compactory stress
outer collar of intervertebral discs made of approximately 12 concentric rings
anuluus fibrosus
function of anulus fibrousus
limits the expansion of the nucleus pulposus. binds vertebrae and resists tension and torsional strain
allows the head to rotate of the neck’s axis
axis (c2)
structure that separates the true and false pelvis
pelvic brim
compare the female pelvis to the male pelvis
wider, shallower, and lighter. more room in the true pelvis
changes in upper:lower ratio throughout aging
goes from 1.7:1 to approximately 1:1
what type of cartilage are intervertebral discs made of
fibrocartilage
