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Anatomy > Connective Tissues and Skin (Q2) > Flashcards

Connective Tissues and Skin (Q2) Flashcards

1
Q

cells separated by a matrix of loosely or densely packed intercellular material

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

what does the matrix of connective tissue consist of?

A

fibers and loose/ dense ground substance

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3
Q

most abundant fixed cell

A

fibroblast

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4
Q

large star-shaped fixed cell that produces fibers

A

fibroblast

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5
Q

irregularly-shaped fixed cells used to engulf invaders and damaged cells

A

fixed macrophages

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6
Q

fixed fat cells

A

adipocytes

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7
Q

stem cells that respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce new cells

A

mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

produce melanin

A

melanocytes

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9
Q

macrophages that can circulate throughout connective tissue

A

free macrophages

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10
Q

free macrophages within the blood

A

monocytes

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11
Q

small, mobile cells near blood vessels that secrete histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation in response to injury

A

mast cells

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12
Q

migrate throughout the body and increase in number where tissue damage occurs

A

lymphocytes

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13
Q

can develop into plasma cells and produce antibodies

A

lymphocytes

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14
Q

migrate throughout the body and respond to chemicals released by macrophages and mast cells. these cells are also phagocytic

A

microphages

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15
Q

examples of microphages

A

neutrophils and esinophils

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16
Q

thick fibers that occur in long parallel bundles. can withstand much force when pulled along an axis

A

collagen fibers

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17
Q

fibers that don’t stain well and are difficult to distinguish in microscpy

A

collagen fibers

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18
Q

thin fibers that form complex networks and are branched. return to original length after stretching

A

elastic fibers

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19
Q

highly branched with delicate supporting networks

A

reticular fibers

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20
Q

fibers able to withstand forces applied from many directions

A

reticular fibers

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21
Q

what composes the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?

A

ground substance and fibers

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22
Q

what is the function of areolar connective tissue?

A

strength, elasticity, and support

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23
Q

what is the function of reticular connective tissue?

A

forms stroma of organs, binds together smooth muscle, filters/ removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

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24
Q

what is the function of adipose connective tissue?

A

reduces heat loss through the skin, serves as an energy reserve, and supports/ connects organs

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25
Q

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

strong attachment between bodily structures that withstand the pulling force along the axis of fibers

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26
Q

what is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

provides pulling strength in multiple directions

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27
Q

what is the function of elastic connective tissue?

A

allows the stretching of various organs. strong and can recoil to original shape. important to normal lung and elastic artery function

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28
Q

what is the general function of cartilage?

A

supporting connective tissues

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29
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

provides a smooth surface for movement of joints; flex and support

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30
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

provides support and joins structures together with a combination of strength and rigidity

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31
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain substances

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32
Q

where is areolar connective tissue found?

A

below epithelium in most parts of the body

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33
Q

where is reticular connective tissue found?

A

bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes

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34
Q

where is adipose connective tissue found?

A

widely distributed throughout the body

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35
Q

where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and covering skeletal muscle (deep fasciae)

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36
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

fibrous capsules of organs and joints, periostea, perichondria, nerve and muscle sheaths; makes up the dermis

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37
Q

where is elastic connective tissue found?

A

walls of the aorta and other blood vessels, in the vocal cords, surrounding respiratory passages, and ligamenta flava and ligamentum nuchae of spinal column. ofter underlies transitional epithelium.

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38
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

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39
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

tracheal rings, costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilage of the nose, larynx and covers bone surfaces at synovial joints

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40
Q

what type of cartilage is tough but flexible?

A

hyaline cartilage

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41
Q

where is fibrocartilage found?

A

intervertebral discs, makes up the menisci of the knee joint and in the symphysis pubis

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42
Q

what type of cartilage is flexible and durable?

A

fibrocartilage

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43
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

pinna, epiglottis, and auditory canal?

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44
Q

one-third of its matrix consists of collagenous fibers?

A

bone

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45
Q

fluid connective tissues

A

blood and lymph

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46
Q

what type of connective tissue has a random arrangement of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers?

A

areolar connective tissue

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47
Q

what type of tissue contains only reticular fibers?

A

reticular tissue

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48
Q

what type of tissue has modified fibroblasts which store fat and become swollen?

A

adipose tissue

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49
Q

what type of tissue has collagenous fibers in regular, parallel arrangement?

A

dense regular connective tissue

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50
Q

what type of tissue has irregularly arranged collagenous fibers?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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51
Q

what type of tissue has largely elastic fibers with fibroblasts imbedded in between?

A

elastic connective tissue

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52
Q

unfilled spaces in connective tissue

A

lacunae

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53
Q

what type of cartilage has tightly packed collagen fibers?

A

hyaline cartilage

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54
Q

what is the weakest type of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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55
Q

what type of cartilage has densely-packed, regularly-arranged fibers?

A

fibrocartilage

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56
Q

what type of cartilage has irregularly-arranged elastic fibers

A

elastic cartilage

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57
Q

what type of cartilage has lacuna and chondrocytes in regions?

A

elastic cartilage

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58
Q

what type of connective tissue is avascular?

A

cartilage

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59
Q

what type of cartilage has paired chondrocytes?

A

hyaline cartilage

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60
Q

what type of cartilage is the most durable?

A

fibrocartilage

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61
Q
A

areloar connective tissue

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62
Q
A

areolar connective tissue

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63
Q
A

areolar connective tissue

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64
Q
A

areolar connective tissue

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65
Q
A

adipose connective tissue

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66
Q
A

adipose connective tissue

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67
Q
A

adipose connective tissue

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68
Q
A

adipose connective tissue

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69
Q
A

reticular connective tissue

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70
Q
A

reticular connective tissue

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71
Q
A

reticular connective tissue

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72
Q
A

reticular connective tissue

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73
Q
A

reticular connective tissue

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74
Q
A

dense regular connective tissue

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75
Q
A

dense regular connective tissue

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76
Q
A

dense regular connective tissue

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77
Q
A

dense regular connective tissue

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78
Q
A

dense regular connective tissue

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79
Q
A

dense regular connective tissue

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80
Q
A

dense irregular connective tissue

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81
Q
A

dense irregular connective tissue

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82
Q
A

dense irregular connective tissue

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83
Q
A

dense irregular connective tissue

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84
Q
A

dense irregular connective tissue

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85
Q
A

elastic connective tissue

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86
Q
A

elastic connective tissue

87
Q
A

elastic connective tissue

88
Q
A

elastic connective tissue

89
Q
A

hyaline cartilage

90
Q
A

hyaline cartilage

91
Q
A

hyaline cartilage

92
Q
A

hyaline cartilage

93
Q
A

hyaline cartilage

94
Q
A

fibrocartilage

95
Q
A

fibraocartilage

96
Q
A

fibrocartilage

97
Q
A

fibrocartilage

98
Q
A

fibrocartilage

99
Q
A

elastic cartilage

100
Q
A

elastic cartilage

101
Q
A

elastic cartilage

102
Q
A

elastic cartilage

103
Q
A

elastic cartilage

104
Q
105
Q
106
Q
107
Q
108
Q

what is the most deep layer of skin?

A

stratum basale or stratum germinativum

109
Q

what is the second most deep layer of skin?

A

stratum spinosum

110
Q

what is the third most deep layer of skin?

A

stratum granulosum

111
Q

what layer of skin is found only in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

112
Q

what is the most superficial layer of skin?

A

stratum corneum

113
Q

yellow/orange precursor to vitamin stored in the stratum corneum

114
Q

where is carotene stored?

A

stratum corneum

115
Q

yellow-red/brown/black pigment formed by melanocytes in stratum basale

116
Q

where is melanin formed?

A

stratum basale

117
Q

what is the function of melanin?

A

protecting the nucleus of cells within the epidermis from uv radiation

118
Q

what are the two regions of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular

119
Q

what is the breakdown of papillary and reticular regions of the dermis?

A

1/5 papillary and 4/5 reticular

120
Q

what type of tissue makes up the papillary region of the dermis?

A

areolar connective tissue

121
Q

what type of tissue makes up the reticular region of the dermis?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

122
Q

attaches to hair follicles and secretes sebum

A

sebaceous gland

123
Q

what is the function of sebum?

A

keep skin soft and moist

124
Q

produces the stinky smell

A

apocrine sudoriferous glands

125
Q

helps with thermal regulation and has no odor

A

eccrine sudoriferous glands

126
Q

what is the larger sudoriferous gland

A

apocrine glands are larger than eccrine glands

127
Q

soft, short, thin, lightly pigmented hair

A

vellus hair

128
Q

longer coarser hair

A

terminal hair

129
Q

help pull up the hair when there are goose bumps etc.

A

arrector pili muscle

130
Q

what type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle?

A

smooth muscle

131
Q

what tactile receptor senses deep pressure/touch

A

pacinian corpuscle

132
Q

what tactile receptor senses torsion, twisting, and stretching

A

ruffini corpuscle

133
Q

what type of tactile receptor senses fine and light touch in the dermis

A

meissner corpuscle

134
Q

what type of tactile receptor senses epidermal fine and light touch

A

merkel cells

135
Q

what is the only epidermal tactile receptor?

A

merkel cells

136
Q

extend surface area of dermis into epidermis

A

dermal papillae

137
Q

a

A

meissner’s corpuscle

138
Q

b

A

ruffini corpuscle

139
Q

c

A

pacinian corpuscle

140
Q

another name for ruffini corpuscle

A

type ii cutaneous mechanoreceptors

141
Q

a

A

eccine sudoiferous gland

142
Q

b

A

apecrine sudoriferous gland

143
Q

a

A

stratum corneum

144
Q

b

A

stratum lucidum

145
Q

c

A

stratum granulosum

146
Q

d

A

stratum spinosum

147
Q

e

A

stratum basale

148
Q

a

A

sebacous gland

149
Q

b

A

hair follicle

150
Q

c

A

arrector pili muscle

151
Q

a

A

arrector pili muscle

152
Q

b

A

hair follicle

153
Q

c

A

sebaceous gland

154
Q

a

A

meissner’s corpuscle

155
Q

b

A

eccrine sudiferous gland

156
Q

c

A

fibroblast

157
Q

a

A

stratum corneum

158
Q

b

A

stratum granulosum

159
Q

c

A

stratum spinosum

160
Q

d

A

stratum basale

161
Q

a

A

apocrine sudoiferous gland

162
Q

b

A

meisner’s corpuscle

163
Q

c

A

eccrine sudoiferous gland

164
Q

d

A

pacinian corpuscle

165
Q

a

A

sebaceous gland

166
Q

b

A

arrector pili muscle

167
Q

c

A

hair follicle

168
Q

a

A

stratum basale

169
Q

b

A

stratum spinosum

170
Q

c

A

stratum granulosum

171
Q

d

A

stratum lucidum

172
Q

e

A

stratum corneum

173
Q

embryonic tissue from which connective tissue originates

A

mesenchyme

174
Q

bone-forming cell

A

osteoblast

175
Q

cartilage-forming cell

A

chondroblast

176
Q

what makes up the ground substance of connective tissue?

A

large sugar and sugar-protein molecules

177
Q

only ground substance not produced by the connective tissue it surrounds

178
Q

fibrous membrane that wraps around muscle, vessles, and nerves

179
Q

ground substance of bones

A

calcium salts

180
Q

skin covering the body’s surface (membrane)

A

cutaneous membrane

181
Q

lines hollow internal organs

A

mucous membrane/ mucosa

182
Q

what is the areolar tissue called as part of the mucous membrane?

A

lamina propia

183
Q

lines closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

A

serous membrane/ serosae

184
Q

what is the simple squamous epithelia in serosae called?

A

mesothelium

185
Q

relatively undifferentiated cells that renew continually to produce new cells as needed

A

stem cells

186
Q

strongest skin region

A

stratum granulosum

187
Q

what skin layer plans a significant role in slowing water loss across the epidermis?

A

stratum granulosum

188
Q

what are the functions of subcutaneous tissue?

A

insulation and anchoring skin to muscles

189
Q

3 layers of hair

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle

190
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands mostly found?

A

axial, anal, and genital regions

191
Q

sebum blocks sebaceous glands causing a greater likelihood of bacteria

192
Q

rough scaly spots form treated with creams or surgical removal

A

actinic keratosis

193
Q

only epidermis is harmed. redness, swelling, and pain

A

1st degree burns

194
Q

damage to the epidermis and dermis but not complete destruction. pain and blistering

A

2nd degree burns

195
Q

complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis. burning of sweat glands, nerves, and blood vessels. hair loss, more prone to infection, bad for heat loss- oil retention

A

3rd degree burns

196
Q

caused by repeated friction, short-term

197
Q

long-term friction leads to a fluid-filled pouch separating the epidermis and dermis

198
Q

herpes simplex virus creates marks around lips/mouth

A

cold sores

199
Q

poorly-oxygenated hemoglobin causes the skin to turn blue

200
Q

occur over bone prominence for wheel-chair bound people. epidermis and dermis lost and collagen increases

A

decubitis ulcers/ pressure ulcers

201
Q

scaling/ inflammation of various types

A

dermatitis

202
Q

staph infection common around school-aged children with pink, fluid-filled spots around the mouth and nose

203
Q

autoimmune disease causing red, scaly inflammation

204
Q

dilated small blood vessels rupture to cause the face to turn red

205
Q

vitamin D deficiency which weakens collagen and connective tissue. teeth loss, blood vessel rupture, and poor healing

206
Q

general term for skin cancer

207
Q

most common/ least malignant type of skin cancer

A

basal cell

208
Q

basal cells invade the dermis/ subcutaneous tissue

A

basal cell (skin cancer)

209
Q

scaly, rounded spots that need to be treated with radiation, surgery, or drugs

A

squamous cell carcinoma

210
Q

most deadly type of skin cancer

A

malignant melanoma

211
Q

transdermal patch delivery

A

drug molecules diffuse through the epidermis to dermal blood vessels

212
Q

loss of melanocytes; autoimmune disease

213
Q

skin layer made primarily of stem cells

A

stratum basale

214
Q

carotene is produced in this layer

A

stratum granulosum

Anatomy (20 decks)

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