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Anatomy > Exam 4: Abdominal Cavity > Flashcards

Exam 4: Abdominal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Proctodeum / Stomodeum

A

Lining of anus / mouth. Derived from Ectoderm.

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the foregut? Arterial supply? Gives rise to what embryological structures?

A

stomodeum (mouth) thru the first 1/3 of the duodenum. Arterial supply: celiac trunk. Grives rise to pharyngeal pouches, lower respiratory system, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the midgut? Arterial supply? Gives rise to what embryological structures?

A

Last 2/3 of duodenum thru the proximal 2/3 of colon. Arterial supply: SMA. Gives rise to yolk stalk.

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the hindgut? Arterial supply? Gives rise to what embryological structures?

A

Last 1/3 of colon to proctodeum (anus). Arterial supply: IMA. Gives rise to allantois (embryological waste sac), urinary bladder, most of urethra.

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5
Q

What does recanalization refer to during embryological development?

A

Hollowing out of primitive gut tube.

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6
Q

Atresia vs Stenosis

A

Recanalization failures.
Atresia = blockage
Stenosis = narrowing of lumen

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7
Q

Vacuoles

A

Compartmentalized pockets of air that trigger the formation of a hollow tube. No/few vacuoles will cause a atresia/stenosis.

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8
Q

Mesenteries. What are the two types?

A

Double layer of peritoneum formed by splanchnic mesoderm which connects organs to the body wall. Two types: Parietal (lines body wall) and Visceral (lines organs)

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9
Q

Three remnants of the ventral mesentery

A 
Falciform ligament (from liver to ventral body wall)
Coronary ligament (from liver to diaphragm)
Lesser Omentum: sheet of mesentery that goes from liver to stomach to duodenum. Not attached to  body wall.
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10
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

provides mesentery for most abdominal organs

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11
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs

A

abdominal esophagus, stomach, proximal 1/3 of duodenum, liver, gall bladder, bile duct, spleen, transverse colon, jejunum, ilium, cecum, appendix, sigmoid colon

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12
Q

Primarily retroperitoneal organs

A

thoracic esophagus, rectum, anal canal, kidneys

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13
Q

Secondairly Retroperitoneal

A

Suprarenal glands, aorta, vena cava, distal 2/3 of duodenum, pancreas, ureters, ascending and descending colon

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14
Q

Annular Pancreas

A

Bilobed ventral pancreatic buds during development wrap around gut tube and cause stenosis/atresia.

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15
Q

What germ layer is the spleen derived from?

A

NOT endodermal derivative like most other abdominal organs, but its an outpocketing of MESODERM in the dorsal mesentery.

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16
Q

Cloaca
Urorectal septum
Urorectal membrane
Anal membrane

A

Cloaca = ‘common sewer’ caudal hindgut forms from cloaca. Urorectal septum divides allantois and yolk stalk and seperates cloaca into the urogenital membrane and anal membrane (separates caudal hindgut from proctodeum)

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17
Q

Pectinate Line

A

ABOVE: Endoderm, drainage and innervation from hindgut, pressure and stretch receptors, no pain receptors.
BELOW: ectoderm, drainage and innervation from abdominal wall, lots of pain receptors

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18
Q

Non-perforate anus
Anoperineal fistula
Rectrourethral fistula
Rectovaginal fstula

A

Anal canal malformations
Anoperineal fistula - abnormal anatomical passage that connects anal canal and perineum
Rectourethral fistula - passage that connects anal canal and urethra
Rectovaginal fistula - passage that connects anal canal and vagina

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19
Q

What border of the stomach grows faster?

A

Dorsal border

Produces greater and lesser curvatures

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20
Q

Lesser curvature (ventral border) of stomach moves to the

A

right

Greater curvature moves to the left

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21
Q

Right Vagus nerve turns onto what surface of the stomach?

A

Dorsal surface

left vagus nerve on the ventral surface

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22
Q

Characteristics of Large intestine

A

taenia coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages

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23
Q

Cecum

A

blind intestinal pouch
Has vermiform appendix
Intraperitoneal

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24
Q

Ascending colon

A

between cecum and right colic flexure

Secondarily retroperitoneal

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25
Transverse colon
between right and left colic flexures Fuses with greater omentum Intraperitoneal
26
Descending Colon
forms left paracolic gutter | Secondarily retroperitoneal
27
Sigmoid colon
S-shaped free portion of large intestine | Intraperitoneal
28
Rectum
Pelvic, fixed portion of large intestine | Primarily retroperitoneal
29
Arteries of the foregut are supplied by
the celiac trunk
30
Left gastric a.
branch of celiac trunk goes to proximal portion of lesser curvature of stomach Anastomoses with r. gastric a.
31
Splenic a.
branch of celiac trunk | Serves spleen
32
Common hepatic a.
branch of celiac trunk | Goes towards liver
33
Pancreatic a.
From Splenic a. | goes to neck, body, and tail of pancreas
34
Short gastric a.
from Spenic a. | goes to stomach closest to spleen
35
Left gastro-omental a.
from Splenic a. Goes to left side of greater curvature of stomach Anastomoses with r. gastro-omental a.
36
Gastroduodenal a.
branch of common hepatic a. | gives rise to R. gastro-omental a., superior pancreaticoduodenal a., and supraduodenal a.
37
Right gastro-omenal a.
from Gastroduodenal a. Goes to right side of greater curvature of stomach Anastomoses with left gastro-omental a.
38
Superior pancreaticduodenal a.
branch of gastroduodenal a. Goes to stomach, pancreas, and head of duodenum Anastomoses with inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.
39
Supraduodenal a.
branch of gastroduodenal a. Goes to superior duodenum Sometimes absent
40
Right gastric a.
branch of common hepatic a. Goes to right lesser curvature of stomach Anastomoses with L. gastric a.
41
Proper hepatic a.
branch of common hepatic a. Goes to liver, Branches include Right hepatic a. and Left hepatic a.
42
Cystic a.
branch of right hepatic a. | Goes to gall bladder
43
Midgut is oxygenated by the
Superior mesenteric a. (SMA)
44
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.
Branch of SMA goes to the head of the pancreas and the duodenum Anastomoeses with superior pancreaticoduodenal a. and jejunal a.s
45
Intestinal a.s
from SMA | goes to jejunum and ileum
46
Ileocolic a.
from SMA | goes to the distal ileum and cecum
47
R. colic a.
from SMA | goes to the ascending colon
48
Middle colic a.
from SMA | goes to the transverse colon
49
Marginal a.
circles the colon formed by branches of the SMA: ileocolic, r. colic, middle colic, and l. colic (IMA) Gives rise to vasae rectae (straight vessels)
50
Hindgut is oxygenated by the
inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)
51
Left colic a.
from IMA goes to descending colon contributes to Marginal a.
52
Sigmoid a.
from IMA | goes to sigmoid colon
53
Superior rectal a.
from IMA goes to proximal rectum Anastomoses with middle and inferior rectal a.s
54
Main branches of hepatic portal system
Splenic vein, Superior mesenteric ein (SMV), and Inferior mesenteric vein (IMV)
55
Portal hypertension
raised blood pressure due to resistance of diseased liver Therefore, blood will find alternate routes around the hepatic portal vein (portal-caval anastomoses) Esophageal, Rectal, Umbilical, and Colic anastomosis
56
In the gut, sympathetics generally act to
innervate blood vessels and inhibit parasympathetics
57
In the gut, parasympathetics generally act to
promote peristalsis and some secretions
58
The foregut is innervated by
the celiac plexus
59
Foregut sympathetics
arise from T5-T9, pass through the sympathetic chain and greater splanchnic nerve Synapse in celiac ganglia and postsynaptics follow branches of celiac trunk to organs
60
Foregut parasympathetics
Pass through Vagus nerve, through the celiac plexus, follow brnaches of celiac trunk and synapse in ganglia of gut plexuses Postsynaptics reach target via short fibers
61
Midgut is innervated by
superior mesenteric plexus
62
Midgut sympathethics
arise from T10-T12 Pass through lesser splanchnic or least splanchnic nerves Synapse in superior mesenteric ganglion & follow SMA to organs
63
Midgut parasympathetics
Vagus nerve Pass through sumperior mesenteric plexus and follow branches of SMA to targets Synapse in ganglia in gut plexus
64
Hindgut innervated by
inferior mesenteric plexus and hyposastric plexus
65
Hindgut Sympathetics
Arise from L1-L2 spinal nerves Pass through lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2) Synapse in the inferior mesenteric ganglion Postsynaptics follow branches of IMA to organs
66
Hindgut parasympathetics
Arise from S2-S4 spinal nerve levels Pass through sacral spinal nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves Branches to colon pass cranially through hypogastric plexus and inferior mesenteric plexus Follow branches of IMA to targets Synapse in ganglia in gut plexuses
67
Greater peritoneal sac
potential space surrounding the stomach and spleen
68
Lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa)
Space behind stomach; between the posterior body wall and the stomach Provides mobility for stomach
69
Greater omentum
fatty apron | Composed of Gastrocolic ligament, gastrolinenal ligament, and gastrophrenic ligament
70
Gastrocolic ligament
connects stomach to transverse colon
71
Gastrolienal ligament
connect spleen to greater curvature of stomach
72
Gastrophrenic ligament
connects stomach to diaphragm
73
Less omentum
Composed to hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatogastric ligament
74
Hepatoduodenal ligament
connects liver to the duodenum
75
Hepatogastric ligament
connects liver to stomach
76
Dorsal mesointestine
frilly skirt mesentery that supports ileum and jejunum
77
Dorsal mesocolon
supports cecum
78
Mesoappendix
supports appendix
79
Transverse mesocolon
divides abdominal cavity into supracolic compartment and infracolic compartment
80
Supracolic compartment
contains stomach, liver, and spleen
81
Infracolic compartment
contains small intestine, ascending and descending colon
82
Sigmoid mesocolon
supports sigmoid colon
83
Lienorenal ligament
from left kidney to spleen
84
Coronary ligaments
peritoneal reflections around bare area of liver
85
Hepatorenal ligament
coronary ligament running between peritoneum above right kidney and liver
86
Falciform ligament
remnant of ventral mesentery connecting liver to anterior body wall
87
Ligamentum teres (round ligament)
part of falciform ligament | Remnant of fetal umbilical vein
88
Esophagus function
movement of food from mouth to stomach via peristalsis
89
Stomach function
mechanical breakdown of food via muscular churning, aided by stomach acid and pepsin
90
Rugae
folds on inside of stomach - allow for stomach streatching
91
Small intestine function
Absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water | Chemical digestion of chyme
92
Duodenum function
neutralize acid break down fats - bile Insulin and other pancreatic juices secreted
93
Jejunum features
Deep red, 2-4 cm, thick and heavy wall, greater vascularity, long vasas recta, few large arcade loops, less fat, large and numerous plicae circulares
94
Ileum features
Pinkish, thin and light wall, less vascular, short vasas recta, many short arcade loops, more fat in mesentery, low and sparse plicae circulares
95
Large intestine functions
absorb water and remaining salts, commensal bacteria synthesize some vitamins
96
Liver is innervated by
the celiac plexus
97
Liver function
Protein synthesis, bile secretion, metabolism, detoxification
98
Liver lobes
Right - large Left - small Caudate - upper tongue Quadrate - lower, separated from right by gallbladder
99
Porta hepatis
transverse fissure in liver where major vessels pass through
100
Glisson's capsule
thin capsule of dense connective tissue in liver, thickest at hilum
101
Portal vein
carries oxygen poor, nutrient rich blood from gut to liver | Blood is detoxified before it drains into central vein, then goes back to heart via hepatic vein
102
Hepatic artery
Oxygenated blood to liver
103
Gallbladder innervated by
celiac plexus and some phrenic nerve
104
Gallbladder functions
store and concentrates bile
105
Gallbladder blood supply
cystic a., r. hepatic a.
106
Pancreas is innervated by
celiac plexus and superior mesenteric plexus
107
Pancreas functions
principal enzyme producing accessory gland of digestive system, endocrine functions (insulin synthesis)
108
Spleen innervated by
celiac plexus
109
Spleen functions
secondary lymphoid organ, proliferation of mature lymphocytes, antibody secretion, destruction of old RBC, recycling of chemicals from destroyed RBC
110
Blood supply to spleen
Splenic artery (and vein)
111
Kidney function
remove excess water, salts, and wastes of protein metabolism from blood, return nutrients to blood, regulate blood pressure and production of RBC
112
Blood supply to kidney
Renal a., segmental a., interlobar a., arcuate a.
113
Kidney innervation
Sympathetic (T10-L1) | Parasympathetic (Vagus and S2-S4)
114
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands function
produce corticosteroids and androgens (cortex), produce norepinephrine and epinephrine (medulla)
115
Blood supply to suprarenal glands
Superior suprarenal a., Middle suprarenal a., inferior suprarenal a.
116
Superior suprarenal a.
from inferior phrenic a. to suprarenal gland
117
Middle suprarenal a.
from aorta to suprarenal gland
118
Inferior suprarenal a.
from renal a. to suprarenal gland
119
Suprarenal gland innervated by
Presynaptic sympathetics to medulla (synapse on chromaffin cells) Autonomic fibers with blood cells in cortex
120
Diaphragm innervation
``` phrenic nerve (C3-5) - motor and sensory Intercostal nerves - sensory to periphery ```
121
Diaphragm blood supply
Superior phrenic from thoracic aorta & inferior phrenic from abdominal aorta
122
Psoas major m.
O: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; sides of vertebral bodies of T12-S1 I: lesser trochanter of femur N: lumbar plexus via anterior branches of L2-L4 A: flexes thigh, flexes vertebral column laterally to balance trunk, flex trunk when sitting
123
Iliacus m.
O: superior2/3 of iliac fossa, ala sacrum and anterior sacro-iliac ligaments I: lesser trochanter of femur and shaft N: femoral n. (L2-4) A: flex thigh and stabilize hip joint
124
Quadratus lumborum
O: medial half of inferior border of 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse processes I: iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest N: anterior branch of T12 and L1-L4 A: extend and laterally flex vertebral column, fixes 12th rib during inspiration
125
Subcostal nerves
from ventral rami of T12 to external oblique m. and skin of anterolateral abdominal wall
126
Lumbar spinal nerves
From L1-L5 to deep back muscles, skin of back, sink and muscles of most inferior trunk and lower limb
127
Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric n.
From L1 to abdominal m. and skin of inguinal and pubic regions Ilioinguinal in inguinal canal
128
Genitofemoral n.
From L1-L2 to skin below inguinal ligament | Divides into genital and femoral branches
129
Lateral femoral cutaneous n.
from L2-L3 to anterolateral skin of thigh
130
Femoral n.
L2-L4 to iliacus, hip flexor, knee extensor
131
Obturator n.
L2-L4 to medial thigh and adductors | Goes through obturator foramen
132
Accessory obturator n.
From L3-L4 to pectineus, hip joint
133
Lumbosacral trunk
From L4-L5 to join sacral plexus
134
Subcostal a.
from thoracic aorta to posterior body wall inferior to the 12th rib
135
Inferior phrenic a.
from abdominal aorta to inferior surface of diaphragm and suprarenal glands
136
Renal a.
from abdominal aorta to kidneys
137
Gonadal a. (testicular or ovarian)
from abdominal aorta to testes or ovaries
138
Lumbar a.
from abdominal aorta to posterior abdominal wall
139
Median sacral a.
from abdominal aorta to sacrum and coccyx | unpaired
140
Abdominal aorta splits into
right and left common iliac a. at L4
141
Common iliac a. divide into
internal and external iliac a.
142
Inferior vena cava
drains blood from lower limbs, most of back, abdominal wall, and abdominopelvic viscera back to heart for oxygenation Blood from gut passes through hepatic portal system first
143
R, L, and middle hepatic veins
drain from liver to IVC
144
R & L inferior phrenic veins
drain from inferior side of diaphragm to IVC
145
R suprarenal vein
drain from Right suprarenal gland to IVC
146
Left suprarenal vein
drain from left suprarenal gland to left renal vein
147
Lumbar veins
drain from posterior body wall to IVC
148
Right gonadal veins
drain from right testicle or ovary to IVC
149
Left gonadal veins
drain from left testicle or ovary to left renal vein
150
Which veins do not drain into the IVC?
Left suprarenal vein and left gonadal vein - drain into left renal vein
151
Blood can bypass the IVC and return to heart if there is blockage via
Superior and inferior epigastric veins, thoracoepigastric veins, epidural venous plexus (lumbar veins of caval system & azygous)
152
Origin of thoracic duct
anterior to L1 & L2 (between right crus and aorta) - ends at junction of Left subclavian and internal jugular vein

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