Exam 4 Flashcards
Oxygen, nutrient, waste and also heat-carrying circulatory fluid associated with closed circulatory systems in animals.
Blood
Cell-enclosed tubes within which circulating fluids pass both from and to an associated heart.
Blood vessel
Cellular lining of blood vessels.
Endothelium
Blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
Artery
Small diameter blood vessels that immediately precede capillaries in circulation.
Arteriole
Smallest of blood vessels across which the oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, and the water solution making up blood can readily cross.
Capillary
Valves found at the start of the smallest of blood vessels that control blood flow particularly in response to oxygen needs of affected tissues.
Precapillary sphincter
Blood vessel carrying blood towards the heart.
Vein
The small diameter blood vessels that immediately follow capillaries in circulation.
Venules
Blood flow that goes from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart
Pulmonary circulation
Drained interstitial fluid on its way to return via vessels to the blood.
Lymph
Route by which interstitial fluid drains from tissues to return to blood.
Lymphatic vessel
The liquid portion of blood.
Plasma
Blood protein involved structurally in blood clotting.
Fibrinogen
Blood proteins that serve to maintain the osmotic balance of blood.
Albumins
Proteins found in blood involved in transport as well as immune functions as antibodies.
Globulins
Naturally occurring non-proteinaceous anticoagulant added to blood to prevent clotting.
Heparin
The liquid portion of blood minus fibrinogen.
Serum
Cells along with cell-like structures found in blood.
Formed elements
Oxygen-carrying formed elements that circulate in some abundance within blood.
Red blood cells
Alternative name for red blood cells.
Erythrocytes
Protein found in red blood cells that binds to and then carries oxygen.
Hemoglobin
Formed elements involved in an animal’s immune response.
White blood cells
Formed elements involved in blood clotting.
Platelets
Aggregations of the protein fibrin to seal larger holes that can form in blood vessels due to injury.
Blood clot
Blood condition associated with predisposition to cardiovascular disease even independent of cholesterol levels.
Elevated triglyceride levels
Means by which the blood of different individuals can be distinguished in terms of its interaction with immune systems, as employed towards matching blood donors with recipients.
ABO blood group system
Means by which the blood of different individuals can be distinguished in terms of its interaction with immune systems, as important particularly in terms of blood transfusion as well as carriage of fetuses by mothers who are lacking in the associated antigen.
Rh blood group system
Organ responsible for pumping blood.
Heart
Primary tissue of which hearts are composed.
Cardiac Muscle
Largest artery in the body, serving to feed systemic circulation.
Aorta
Largest vein in the body, serving to drain systemic circulation.
Vena cava
Major vein draining the head and the front limb or arm end of the body.
Superior vena cava
Major vein draining the tail and the rear limb or legs end of the body.
Inferior vena cava
Major pumping chamber of hearts.
Ventricle (heart)
Major pumping chamber of pulmonary circulation.
Right ventricle
Major pumping chamber of systemic circulation.
Left ventricle
Initial but less essential pumping chamber of hearts.
Atrium
Initial but less essential pumping chamber of pulmonary circulation.
Right atrium
Initial but less essential pumping chamber of systemic circulation.
Left atrium
Means by which backflow of blood is prevented during the beating of the heart.
Heart valves
Means by which backflow is prevented between ventricles and atria.
Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
Reversible partition between the left ventricle and the left atrium of the heart.
Bicuspid valve
Reversible partition between the right ventricle and the right atrium of the heart.
Tricuspid valve
Means by which backflow is prevented between ventricles and the major arteries that they feed with blood.
Semilunar valves
The interior lining of the heart.
Endocardium
The muscular layer of the heart.
Myocardium
The outer, connective tissue layer making up the heart.
Epicardium
Double-layer connective tissue sack that encloses the heart.
Pericardium
Volume within animals containing the heart.
Pericardial cavity
Specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct action potentials between different parts of the heart to increase the coordination of the heart’s contraction.
Purkinje fibers
Measure of blood flow through the ventricles.
Cardiac output
The blood vessels that are directly responsible for supplying blood to cardiac muscle.
Coronary arteries
Measure of the extent to which the beating of the heart results in a pushing of the circulating fluid against especially arterial walls.
Blood pressure
Sudden increase in blood pressure associated with systole.
Pulse
Interval over which the chambers in the heart fill with blood.
Diastole
Minimum blood pressure recorded over a given interval during blood pressure determination.
Diastolic pressure
Interval over which the heart is actively pumping blood.
Systole
Maximum blood pressure recorded over a given interval during blood pressure determination.
Systolic pressure
Animal gas exchange organs of breathing.
Lungs
Lung-enclosing serous membranes that serve to reduce friction between lungs and associated body cavity walls.
Pleura
Volume within animals containing the lungs.
Pleural cavity
Exchange by animals of gasses with those in the air as mediated by active flow of air over specialized body tissues.
Breathing
Uptake of oxygen from and release of carbon dioxide to the environment by an organism.
External respiration
Uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide within the body.
Internal respiration
Somewhat external air handling anatomy including the external nose, the associated nasal cavity, and the pharynx.
Upper respiratory tract
Anatomy associated with the warming, filtering, and moistening of air in the course of inhalation.
Nose
The internal volume found behind the external nose.
Nasal cavity
Volumes that are found within aspects of bodies, particularly air-filled spaces within bones.
Sinuses
The back of the mouth and nose, also known as the throat
Pharynx
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoles.
Lower respiratory tract
Post-pharynx cartilaginous connector to the trachea that includes the epiglottis, glottis, and vocal cords.
Larynx
Flap responsible for sealing the larynx during swallowing so that passage of food or water into the trachea may be avoided.
Epiglottis
Connective tissue associated with the larynx that serves to impart vibrations on air especially during exhalation.
Vocal cords
Cartilage reinforced, collapse-resistant passageway from larynx to lungs.
Trachea
Large tubes through which air passes within lungs.
Bronchi
Smaller tubes through which air passes within the lungs.
Bronchioles
Microscopic pouches within lungs where majority of gas exchange occurs.
Alveoli
Collections of microscopic pouches responsible for majority of gas exchange within lungs.
Alveolar sacs
Molecule that can simultaneously dissolve in both water and lipids, potentially resulting in suspension of the latter in the former.
Surfactant
Blood vessels that supply unoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary arteries
Blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart.
Pulmonary veins
Means by which the rib cage is moved upward to effect inhalation.
Intercostal muscles
Means by which the thoracic cavity expands towards the abdominal cavity to effect inhalation.
Diaphragm
Amount of air entering the lungs per each inhalation or exiting the lungs per each exhalation under normal unforced conditions.
Tidal volume
Volume of air that is the difference between fully inflated lungs via inhalation and fully deflated lungs via exhalation.
Vital capacity
Cells found within the medulla oblongata of the brain stem that control the pace of breathing.
Respiratory center
