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Biology 1102 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Oxygen, nutrient, waste and also heat-carrying circulatory fluid associated with closed circulatory systems in animals.

A

Blood

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2
Q

Cell-enclosed tubes within which circulating fluids pass both from and to an associated heart.

A

Blood vessel

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3
Q

Cellular lining of blood vessels.

A

Endothelium

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4
Q

Blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart.

A

Artery

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5
Q

Small diameter blood vessels that immediately precede capillaries in circulation.

A

Arteriole

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6
Q

Smallest of blood vessels across which the oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, and the water solution making up blood can readily cross.

A

Capillary

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7
Q

Valves found at the start of the smallest of blood vessels that control blood flow particularly in response to oxygen needs of affected tissues.

A

Precapillary sphincter

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8
Q

Blood vessel carrying blood towards the heart.

A

Vein

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9
Q

The small diameter blood vessels that immediately follow capillaries in circulation.

A

Venules

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10
Q

Blood flow that goes from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart

A

Pulmonary circulation

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11
Q

Drained interstitial fluid on its way to return via vessels to the blood.

A

Lymph

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12
Q

Route by which interstitial fluid drains from tissues to return to blood.

A

Lymphatic vessel

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13
Q

The liquid portion of blood.

A

Plasma

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14
Q

Blood protein involved structurally in blood clotting.

A

Fibrinogen

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15
Q

Blood proteins that serve to maintain the osmotic balance of blood.

A

Albumins

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16
Q

Proteins found in blood involved in transport as well as immune functions as antibodies.

A

Globulins

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17
Q

Naturally occurring non-proteinaceous anticoagulant added to blood to prevent clotting.

A

Heparin

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18
Q

The liquid portion of blood minus fibrinogen.

A

Serum

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19
Q

Cells along with cell-like structures found in blood.

A

Formed elements

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20
Q

Oxygen-carrying formed elements that circulate in some abundance within blood.

A

Red blood cells

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21
Q

Alternative name for red blood cells.

A

Erythrocytes

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22
Q

Protein found in red blood cells that binds to and then carries oxygen.

A

Hemoglobin

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23
Q

Formed elements involved in an animal’s immune response.

A

White blood cells

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24
Q

Formed elements involved in blood clotting.

A

Platelets

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25
Q

Aggregations of the protein fibrin to seal larger holes that can form in blood vessels due to injury.

A

Blood clot

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26
Q

Blood condition associated with predisposition to cardiovascular disease even independent of cholesterol levels.

A

Elevated triglyceride levels

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27
Q

Means by which the blood of different individuals can be distinguished in terms of its interaction with immune systems, as employed towards matching blood donors with recipients.

A

ABO blood group system

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28
Q

Means by which the blood of different individuals can be distinguished in terms of its interaction with immune systems, as important particularly in terms of blood transfusion as well as carriage of fetuses by mothers who are lacking in the associated antigen.

A

Rh blood group system

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29
Q

Organ responsible for pumping blood.

A

Heart

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30
Q

Primary tissue of which hearts are composed.

A

Cardiac Muscle

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31
Q

Largest artery in the body, serving to feed systemic circulation.

A

Aorta

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32
Q

Largest vein in the body, serving to drain systemic circulation.

A

Vena cava

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33
Q

Major vein draining the head and the front limb or arm end of the body.

A

Superior vena cava

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34
Q

Major vein draining the tail and the rear limb or legs end of the body.

A

Inferior vena cava

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35
Q

Major pumping chamber of hearts.

A

Ventricle (heart)

36
Q

Major pumping chamber of pulmonary circulation.

A

Right ventricle

37
Q

Major pumping chamber of systemic circulation.

A

Left ventricle

38
Q

Initial but less essential pumping chamber of hearts.

A

Atrium

39
Q

Initial but less essential pumping chamber of pulmonary circulation.

A

Right atrium

40
Q

Initial but less essential pumping chamber of systemic circulation.

A

Left atrium

41
Q

Means by which backflow of blood is prevented during the beating of the heart.

A

Heart valves

42
Q

Means by which backflow is prevented between ventricles and atria.

A

Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

43
Q

Reversible partition between the left ventricle and the left atrium of the heart.

A

Bicuspid valve

44
Q

Reversible partition between the right ventricle and the right atrium of the heart.

A

Tricuspid valve

45
Q

Means by which backflow is prevented between ventricles and the major arteries that they feed with blood.

A

Semilunar valves

46
Q

The interior lining of the heart.

A

Endocardium

47
Q

The muscular layer of the heart.

A

Myocardium

48
Q

The outer, connective tissue layer making up the heart.

A

Epicardium

49
Q

Double-layer connective tissue sack that encloses the heart.

A

Pericardium

50
Q

Volume within animals containing the heart.

A

Pericardial cavity

51
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct action potentials between different parts of the heart to increase the coordination of the heart’s contraction.

A

Purkinje fibers

52
Q

Measure of blood flow through the ventricles.

A

Cardiac output

53
Q

The blood vessels that are directly responsible for supplying blood to cardiac muscle.

A

Coronary arteries

54
Q

Measure of the extent to which the beating of the heart results in a pushing of the circulating fluid against especially arterial walls.

A

Blood pressure

55
Q

Sudden increase in blood pressure associated with systole.

A

Pulse

56
Q

Interval over which the chambers in the heart fill with blood.

A

Diastole

57
Q

Minimum blood pressure recorded over a given interval during blood pressure determination.

A

Diastolic pressure

58
Q

Interval over which the heart is actively pumping blood.

A

Systole

59
Q

Maximum blood pressure recorded over a given interval during blood pressure determination.

A

Systolic pressure

60
Q

Animal gas exchange organs of breathing.

A

Lungs

61
Q

Lung-enclosing serous membranes that serve to reduce friction between lungs and associated body cavity walls.

A

Pleura

62
Q

Volume within animals containing the lungs.

A

Pleural cavity

63
Q

Exchange by animals of gasses with those in the air as mediated by active flow of air over specialized body tissues.

A

Breathing

64
Q

Uptake of oxygen from and release of carbon dioxide to the environment by an organism.

A

External respiration

65
Q

Uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide within the body.

A

Internal respiration

66
Q

Somewhat external air handling anatomy including the external nose, the associated nasal cavity, and the pharynx.

A

Upper respiratory tract

67
Q

Anatomy associated with the warming, filtering, and moistening of air in the course of inhalation.

A

Nose

68
Q

The internal volume found behind the external nose.

A

Nasal cavity

69
Q

Volumes that are found within aspects of bodies, particularly air-filled spaces within bones.

A

Sinuses

70
Q

The back of the mouth and nose, also known as the throat

A

Pharynx

71
Q

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoles.

A

Lower respiratory tract

72
Q

Post-pharynx cartilaginous connector to the trachea that includes the epiglottis, glottis, and vocal cords.

A

Larynx

73
Q

Flap responsible for sealing the larynx during swallowing so that passage of food or water into the trachea may be avoided.

A

Epiglottis

74
Q

Connective tissue associated with the larynx that serves to impart vibrations on air especially during exhalation.

A

Vocal cords

75
Q

Cartilage reinforced, collapse-resistant passageway from larynx to lungs.

A

Trachea

76
Q

Large tubes through which air passes within lungs.

A

Bronchi

77
Q

Smaller tubes through which air passes within the lungs.

A

Bronchioles

78
Q

Microscopic pouches within lungs where majority of gas exchange occurs.

A

Alveoli

79
Q

Collections of microscopic pouches responsible for majority of gas exchange within lungs.

A

Alveolar sacs

80
Q

Molecule that can simultaneously dissolve in both water and lipids, potentially resulting in suspension of the latter in the former.

A

Surfactant

81
Q

Blood vessels that supply unoxygenated blood to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary arteries

82
Q

Blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart.

A

Pulmonary veins

83
Q

Means by which the rib cage is moved upward to effect inhalation.

A

Intercostal muscles

84
Q

Means by which the thoracic cavity expands towards the abdominal cavity to effect inhalation.

A

Diaphragm

85
Q

Amount of air entering the lungs per each inhalation or exiting the lungs per each exhalation under normal unforced conditions.

A

Tidal volume

86
Q

Volume of air that is the difference between fully inflated lungs via inhalation and fully deflated lungs via exhalation.

A

Vital capacity

87
Q

Cells found within the medulla oblongata of the brain stem that control the pace of breathing.

A

Respiratory center

Biology 1102 (19 decks)

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