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Biology 1102 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Extracellular matrix other than fibers that is associated with connective tissue.

A

Ground substance

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2
Q

Cell types that secrete the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

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3
Q

Animal contractile tissue.

A

Muscle

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4
Q

Animal contractile tissue that is under voluntary control.

A

Skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Myocyte shortening due to action of actin and myosin.

A

Muscle contraction

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6
Q

Specialized membranes found within muscle cells that upon stimulation release calcium ions into the muscle cell cytoplasm.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Long, plasma membrane indentations found in muscle cells along which impulses travel to sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

Transverse tubules

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8
Q

Long bundles of actin and myosin proteins as found within muscle cells.

A

Myofibril

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9
Q

Repeated striations found along myofibrils that give skeletal and cardiac muscle striped appearances at microscopic scales

A

Sarcomeres

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10
Q

Protein constituent of microfilaments that plays a key role in muscle contraction.

A

Actin

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11
Q

Protein that plays a key role in muscle contraction by pushing against actin fibers.

A

Myosin

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12
Q

Rigid, ossified connective tissue found within animals possessing endoskeletons.

A

Bone

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13
Q

Rigid and somewhat densely ossified connective tissue found within animals possessing endoskeletons.

A

Compact bone

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14
Q

Rigid and somewhat sparsely ossified connective tissue found within animals possessing endoskeletons.

A

Spongy bone

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15
Q

Soft connective tissue found within bone and used for generation of blood cells as well as for energy storage.

A

Bone marrow

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16
Q

Mature cells responsible for maintaining the mineralized ground substance making up bone.

A

Osteocytes

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17
Q

Haversian canal

A

Capillary and nerve cell containing structure found within normal mineral deposits within bone.

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18
Q

Metabolically active cells responsible especially for building up new bone in the course of ossification.

A

Osteoblasts

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19
Q

Metabolically active cells responsible for breaking down bone in the course of bone reabsorption.

A

Osteoclasts

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20
Q

The building up of new bone material during bone growth, repair, or remodeling.

A

Ossification

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21
Q

Highly water absorbent as well as compression-resistant connective tissue.

A

Cartilage

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22
Q

Cells responsible for the formation of new cartilage matrix.

A

Chondroblasts

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23
Q

Cells embedded within cartilage that are responsible for cartilage maintenance and repair.

A

Chondrocytes

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24
Q

Cartilaginous ends of long bones.

A

Epiphyses

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25
Q

Growth plate

A

Area found between the epiphysis and metaphysis in still-lengthening bones.

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26
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Combination of the bones of the skull, middle ear, neck, backbone, sternum, and ribs.

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27
Q

Connection between two or more bones.

A

Joint

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28
Q

Alternative name for joint between two bones.

A

Articulation

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29
Q

Tightly interlocking joints found between the bones making up the skull.

A

Cranial sutures

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30
Q

Synovial joint

A

Highly movable articulation between bones.

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31
Q

Tissue that seals in the fluid that in turn separates highly movable joints.

A

Synovial membrane

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32
Q

Lubrication found within highly movable joints.

A

Synovial fluid

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33
Q

Non-cartilaginous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

A

Ligament

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34
Q

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

A

Tendon

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35
Q

Connective tissue that connects muscle to muscle or otherwise surrounds various soft tissues.

A

Fascia

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36
Q

Point of connection between muscle and the nerves that control them.

A

Neuromuscular junction

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37
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disease associated with progress loss of bone mass and increase potential for bone fracture.

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38
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Degenerative disease of youth involving progressive weakness and loss ability to walk.

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39
Q

Voltage existing going from outside to inside of a cell.

A

Membrane potential

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40
Q

Entity capable of propagating action potentials.

A

Excitable cell

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41
Q

Type of animal cell capable particularly of transmitting electrochemical information from one end to another.

A

Neuron

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42
Q

Propagatable depolarization of the plasma membrane of an excitable animal cell.

A

Action potential

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43
Q

Gap between nerve cells over which signal is propagated via the release, diffusion, and reception of neurotransmitters.

A

Synapse

44
Q

Combining by post-synaptic neurons of pre-synaptic signals, potentially towards establishment of an action potential.

A

Summation

45
Q

Sufficient membrane depolarization of the plasma membrane of an excitable cell to trigger extensive lateral propagation of that depolarization.

A

Threshold potential

46
Q

The portion of neurons other than the axon or dendrites.

A

Cell body

47
Q

Neuronal extensions that carry signals away from the cell bodies of neurons.

A

Axon

48
Q

Long bundles of axons.

A

Nerve

49
Q

Neuronal extensions that carry signals away from synapses.

A

Dendrite

50
Q

Chemicals that diffuse across synapses to signal post-synaptic cells

A

Neurotransmitter

51
Q

Non-neuron, nervous-system support cells.

A

Glial cells

52
Q

Glial-cell based insulator of the axons of neurons.

A

Myelin sheath

53
Q

Glial-cell based insulation of the axons of neurons.

A

Myelination

54
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelin-supplying cells of the peripheral nervous system.

55
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin-supplying cells of the central nervous system.

56
Q

Gaps between myelinating cells found along axons.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

57
Q

What otherwise is known as the voluntary, peripheral nervous system.

A

Somatic division

58
Q

The means by which your body relays action potentials towards the central nervous system.

A

Sensory nerves

59
Q

The means by which your body relays action potentials towards skeletal muscles.

A

Motor nerves

60
Q

What otherwise is known as the involuntary, peripheral nervous system.

A

Autonomic division

61
Q

Aspect of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible especially for involuntary responses to emergency situations.

A

Sympathetic division

62
Q

Aspect of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible especially for involuntary responses to non-emergency situations.

A

Parasympathetic division

63
Q

Entity that when interacting with a second, especially extracellular entity gives rise to a well-defined and anticipated change in the physiological state particularly of the first entity.

A

Receptor

64
Q

Specialized cells or complexes of cells that in animals are capable of detecting environmental or internal signals and converting those signals into action potentials.

A

Sensory receptors

65
Q

Skin- and hair-associated neurons that detect the presence of immediately local entities found outside of the body.

A

Touch receptors

66
Q

Specialized neurons that convey the sensation of pain to the central nervous system.

A

Nociceptors

67
Q

Nerves involved in receiving reception of a stimulus.

A

Afferent pathway

68
Q

Nerves involved in converting the reception of a stimulus into a response to a stimulus.

A

Integrating center

69
Q

Nerves involved in effecting a response to a stimulus.

A

Efferent pathway

70
Q

Rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli that do not involve integration at the level of the brain.

A

Reflex

71
Q

Neural pathway involving an afferent pathway that is followed by integration other than within the brain which in turn is followed by an efferent pathway and resulting response.

A

Reflex arc

72
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Disease associated with inflammatory damage to myelin sheaths located in the central nervous system.

73
Q

Polio

A

Virus-caused gastrointestinal disease that in relatively rare cases can lead to the death of a subset of motor neurons.

74
Q

Animal body principal control center.

A

Brain

75
Q

That aspect of the central nervous system that is rich in cell bodies while poor in myelin.

A

Gray matter

76
Q

That aspect of the central nervous system that is rich in myelin while poor in cell bodies.

A

White matter

77
Q

Part of the brain responsible for highest levels of integration of information.

A

Cerebrum

78
Q

Primary location of gray matter representing the surface of the forebrain.

A

Cerebral cortex

79
Q

Region of the hindbrain that is involved predominantly in refining the control of movement.

A

Cerebellum

80
Q

Lower most portion of the brain responsible for maintaining many low level but nonetheless crucial homeostatic functions of the body.

A

Brainstem

81
Q

Pons

A

Portion of brainstem involved primarily in connecting together other regions of the brain.

82
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

The portion of the brainstem that is found immediately adjacent to the spinal cord.

83
Q

Neurotransmitter involved, in part and crucially, in the brain’s reward and motivation.

A

Dopamine

84
Q

Neurotransmitter that motivates appetite, mood, and sleep as well as gut motility.

A

Serotonin

85
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Means of visualizing the activity of the brain by measuring the electrical activity along the scalp.

86
Q

Primary connection in vertebrates between the brain and the rest of the body.

A

Spinal cord

87
Q

Spinal cord protective covering and dominant endoskeletal support structure in most animals possessing spinal cords.

A

Vertebral column

88
Q

Individual bones making up the neck, spine, sacrum, and tailbone.

A

Vertebrae

89
Q

Shock absorbing connective tissue joining the ventral bodies of vertebrae.

A

Intervertebral disc

90
Q

Balance, hearing, sight, smell, and taste.

A

Special senses

91
Q

Sense of balance.

A

Equilibrioception

92
Q

Inner ear associated means by which mammals sustain their balance.

A

Vestibular system

93
Q

Three tubes found in each ear that detect the acceleration of the head.

A

Semicircular canals

94
Q

Means by which changes in head position is detected such as relative to the center of the Earth.

A

Otolith organs

95
Q

The site of the first step in the conversion of vibrations of sound into vibration of tissue.

A

Tympanic membrane

96
Q

Means of air pressure equalization as well as drainage of the middle ear.

A

Eustachian tube

97
Q

Inner ear organ which converts fluid movement that originated as sound vibrations into action potentials.

A

Cochlea

98
Q

Transparent front of the eye.

A

Cornea

99
Q

Location of the visual receptors of the eye.

A

Retina

100
Q

Low light visual receptors of the eye.

A

Rods

101
Q

Visual receptors of the eye specialized for distinguishing among colors.

A

Cones

102
Q

Neural connection between the eyes and the brain.

A

Optic nerve

103
Q

Perception of odors.

A

Olfaction

104
Q

Proteins associated with specialized cells found on the tongue that are responsible for detecting the flavors bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami.

A

Taste receptor

105
Q

Cataract

A

Loss of transparency of the lens of the eye.

106
Q

Glaucoma

A

Eye disease characterized by excess pressure of the aqueous humor and blindness if left untreated.

107
Q

Otitis media

A

Infection of the middle ear.

Biology 1102 (19 decks)

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