Exam 2 Flashcards
Extracellular matrix other than fibers that is associated with connective tissue.
Ground substance
Cell types that secrete the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
Fibroblasts
Animal contractile tissue.
Muscle
Animal contractile tissue that is under voluntary control.
Skeletal muscle
Myocyte shortening due to action of actin and myosin.
Muscle contraction
Specialized membranes found within muscle cells that upon stimulation release calcium ions into the muscle cell cytoplasm.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Long, plasma membrane indentations found in muscle cells along which impulses travel to sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Transverse tubules
Long bundles of actin and myosin proteins as found within muscle cells.
Myofibril
Repeated striations found along myofibrils that give skeletal and cardiac muscle striped appearances at microscopic scales
Sarcomeres
Protein constituent of microfilaments that plays a key role in muscle contraction.
Actin
Protein that plays a key role in muscle contraction by pushing against actin fibers.
Myosin
Rigid, ossified connective tissue found within animals possessing endoskeletons.
Bone
Rigid and somewhat densely ossified connective tissue found within animals possessing endoskeletons.
Compact bone
Rigid and somewhat sparsely ossified connective tissue found within animals possessing endoskeletons.
Spongy bone
Soft connective tissue found within bone and used for generation of blood cells as well as for energy storage.
Bone marrow
Mature cells responsible for maintaining the mineralized ground substance making up bone.
Osteocytes
Haversian canal
Capillary and nerve cell containing structure found within normal mineral deposits within bone.
Metabolically active cells responsible especially for building up new bone in the course of ossification.
Osteoblasts
Metabolically active cells responsible for breaking down bone in the course of bone reabsorption.
Osteoclasts
The building up of new bone material during bone growth, repair, or remodeling.
Ossification
Highly water absorbent as well as compression-resistant connective tissue.
Cartilage
Cells responsible for the formation of new cartilage matrix.
Chondroblasts
Cells embedded within cartilage that are responsible for cartilage maintenance and repair.
Chondrocytes
Cartilaginous ends of long bones.
Epiphyses
Growth plate
Area found between the epiphysis and metaphysis in still-lengthening bones.
Axial skeleton
Combination of the bones of the skull, middle ear, neck, backbone, sternum, and ribs.
Connection between two or more bones.
Joint
Alternative name for joint between two bones.
Articulation
Tightly interlocking joints found between the bones making up the skull.
Cranial sutures
Synovial joint
Highly movable articulation between bones.
Tissue that seals in the fluid that in turn separates highly movable joints.
Synovial membrane
Lubrication found within highly movable joints.
Synovial fluid
Non-cartilaginous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
Ligament
Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Tendon
Connective tissue that connects muscle to muscle or otherwise surrounds various soft tissues.
Fascia
Point of connection between muscle and the nerves that control them.
Neuromuscular junction
Osteoporosis
Disease associated with progress loss of bone mass and increase potential for bone fracture.
Muscular dystrophy
Degenerative disease of youth involving progressive weakness and loss ability to walk.
Voltage existing going from outside to inside of a cell.
Membrane potential
Entity capable of propagating action potentials.
Excitable cell
Type of animal cell capable particularly of transmitting electrochemical information from one end to another.
Neuron
Propagatable depolarization of the plasma membrane of an excitable animal cell.
Action potential
Gap between nerve cells over which signal is propagated via the release, diffusion, and reception of neurotransmitters.
Synapse
Combining by post-synaptic neurons of pre-synaptic signals, potentially towards establishment of an action potential.
Summation
Sufficient membrane depolarization of the plasma membrane of an excitable cell to trigger extensive lateral propagation of that depolarization.
Threshold potential
The portion of neurons other than the axon or dendrites.
Cell body
Neuronal extensions that carry signals away from the cell bodies of neurons.
Axon
Long bundles of axons.
Nerve
Neuronal extensions that carry signals away from synapses.
Dendrite
Chemicals that diffuse across synapses to signal post-synaptic cells
Neurotransmitter
Non-neuron, nervous-system support cells.
Glial cells
Glial-cell based insulator of the axons of neurons.
Myelin sheath
Glial-cell based insulation of the axons of neurons.
Myelination
Schwann cells
Myelin-supplying cells of the peripheral nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin-supplying cells of the central nervous system.
Gaps between myelinating cells found along axons.
Nodes of Ranvier
What otherwise is known as the voluntary, peripheral nervous system.
Somatic division
The means by which your body relays action potentials towards the central nervous system.
Sensory nerves
The means by which your body relays action potentials towards skeletal muscles.
Motor nerves
What otherwise is known as the involuntary, peripheral nervous system.
Autonomic division
Aspect of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible especially for involuntary responses to emergency situations.
Sympathetic division
Aspect of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible especially for involuntary responses to non-emergency situations.
Parasympathetic division
Entity that when interacting with a second, especially extracellular entity gives rise to a well-defined and anticipated change in the physiological state particularly of the first entity.
Receptor
Specialized cells or complexes of cells that in animals are capable of detecting environmental or internal signals and converting those signals into action potentials.
Sensory receptors
Skin- and hair-associated neurons that detect the presence of immediately local entities found outside of the body.
Touch receptors
Specialized neurons that convey the sensation of pain to the central nervous system.
Nociceptors
Nerves involved in receiving reception of a stimulus.
Afferent pathway
Nerves involved in converting the reception of a stimulus into a response to a stimulus.
Integrating center
Nerves involved in effecting a response to a stimulus.
Efferent pathway
Rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli that do not involve integration at the level of the brain.
Reflex
Neural pathway involving an afferent pathway that is followed by integration other than within the brain which in turn is followed by an efferent pathway and resulting response.
Reflex arc
Multiple sclerosis
Disease associated with inflammatory damage to myelin sheaths located in the central nervous system.
Polio
Virus-caused gastrointestinal disease that in relatively rare cases can lead to the death of a subset of motor neurons.
Animal body principal control center.
Brain
That aspect of the central nervous system that is rich in cell bodies while poor in myelin.
Gray matter
That aspect of the central nervous system that is rich in myelin while poor in cell bodies.
White matter
Part of the brain responsible for highest levels of integration of information.
Cerebrum
Primary location of gray matter representing the surface of the forebrain.
Cerebral cortex
Region of the hindbrain that is involved predominantly in refining the control of movement.
Cerebellum
Lower most portion of the brain responsible for maintaining many low level but nonetheless crucial homeostatic functions of the body.
Brainstem
Pons
Portion of brainstem involved primarily in connecting together other regions of the brain.
Medulla oblongata
The portion of the brainstem that is found immediately adjacent to the spinal cord.
Neurotransmitter involved, in part and crucially, in the brain’s reward and motivation.
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter that motivates appetite, mood, and sleep as well as gut motility.
Serotonin
Electroencephalogram
Means of visualizing the activity of the brain by measuring the electrical activity along the scalp.
Primary connection in vertebrates between the brain and the rest of the body.
Spinal cord
Spinal cord protective covering and dominant endoskeletal support structure in most animals possessing spinal cords.
Vertebral column
Individual bones making up the neck, spine, sacrum, and tailbone.
Vertebrae
Shock absorbing connective tissue joining the ventral bodies of vertebrae.
Intervertebral disc
Balance, hearing, sight, smell, and taste.
Special senses
Sense of balance.
Equilibrioception
Inner ear associated means by which mammals sustain their balance.
Vestibular system
Three tubes found in each ear that detect the acceleration of the head.
Semicircular canals
Means by which changes in head position is detected such as relative to the center of the Earth.
Otolith organs
The site of the first step in the conversion of vibrations of sound into vibration of tissue.
Tympanic membrane
Means of air pressure equalization as well as drainage of the middle ear.
Eustachian tube
Inner ear organ which converts fluid movement that originated as sound vibrations into action potentials.
Cochlea
Transparent front of the eye.
Cornea
Location of the visual receptors of the eye.
Retina
Low light visual receptors of the eye.
Rods
Visual receptors of the eye specialized for distinguishing among colors.
Cones
Neural connection between the eyes and the brain.
Optic nerve
Perception of odors.
Olfaction
Proteins associated with specialized cells found on the tongue that are responsible for detecting the flavors bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami.
Taste receptor
Cataract
Loss of transparency of the lens of the eye.
Glaucoma
Eye disease characterized by excess pressure of the aqueous humor and blindness if left untreated.
Otitis media
Infection of the middle ear.
