Exam 1

Question 1

Membrane-enclosed, basic, replicable unit of living things.

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Fluid mosaic lipid bilayer that surrounds a cell, separating the cytoplasm on the inside from the extracellular environment on the outside.

Answer 2

Plasma membrane

Question 3

Ability to allow the movement of some substances but not of others, particularly across membranes

Answer 3

Selective Permeability

Question 4

Protein-based catalyst.

Answer 4

Enzyme

Question 5

Amino acid-based polymeric substance that is found in association with lipid bilayers.

Answer 5

Membrane Protein

Question 6

The liquid volume of a cell that is found immediately interior to the plasma membrane.

Answer 6

Cytoplasm

Question 7

Multi-molecular, including multi-protein, sub-cellular machine.

Answer 7

Organelle

Question 8

Double-layered membrane-associated structure containing the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms, part of the endomembrane system.

Answer 8

Cell Nucleus

Question 9

The site of cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 9

Mitochondria

Question 10

Material found between animal cells, supplying both cushioning to tissues and resistance to tearing.

Answer 10

Extracellular Matrix

Question 11

Cells making up the same organism having dissimilar functions and appearances despite being genetically identical.

Answer 11

Cellular Differentiation

Question 12

The idea that living systems, in order to survive and prosper, must control within relatively narrow ranges various physical, chemical, and physiological parameters associated with their bodies.

Answer 12

Homeostasis

Question 13

A system for which change occurs but no net change occurs, whether or not that lack of net change requires an ongoing input of energy.

Answer 13

Steady State

Question 14

All of the chemical reactions that take place within an organism.

Answer 14

Metabolism

Question 15

Chemical reactions associated with organisms that break substances down to yield readily usable forms of energy.

Answer 15

Catabolism

Question 16

Chemical reactions associated with organisms that are energy requiring and which build molecules up.

Answer 16

Anabolism

Question 17

Specialized amino-acid based polymers within cells and bodies that provide important functions other than participating in chemical reactions.

Answer 17

Structural protein

Question 18

Movement of materials such as into and out of cells.

Answer 18

Membrane transport

Question 19

Nonsolid aspects of bodies that are found outside of cells and which are contained within the integumentary system.

Answer 19

Extracellular fluid

Question 20

Nonsolid aspects of bodies that are found outside of cells, within the integumentary system, and other than that making up blood and lymph.

Answer 20

Interstitial fluid

Question 21

The state that a system tends to achieve especially in the absence of external input.

Answer 21

Equilibrium

Question 22

The normal level of a given homeostatic parameter.

Answer 22

Set point

Question 23

The idea that homeostasis actually consists of ranges in conditions that also can vary non-pathologically depending on circumstances.

Answer 23

Dynamic constancy

Question 24

The tendency for perturbations of systems away from a given state to be resisted.

Answer 24

Negative feedback

Question 25

The tendency for perturbations of systems away from a given state to be amplified.

Answer 25

Positive feedback

Question 26

Energy consumption observed by an organism that is at rest and otherwise not participating in any extraneous activities.

Answer 26

Basal metabolic rate

Question 27

Particularly shorter-term changes that organisms display that serve to enhance organism functionality especially in response to new environmental conditions.

Answer 27

Physiological adaptation

Question 28

Contribution of multiple interacting systems to the maintenance of homeostasis.

Answer 28

Integrated functioning

Question 29

Detection of changes by bodies thus leading to behavioral, physiological, or morphological change in body functioning.

Answer 29

Responsiveness

Question 30

The study of the functioning of living things, especially including above the level of individual biochemical pathways or, for multicellular organisms, including above the level of the functioning of individual cells.

Answer 30

Physiology

Question 31

The study of the morphology of living things, particularly the more macroscopic aspects of living things.

Answer 31

Anatomy

Question 32

Cell division and cellular differentiation that results in conversion of an organism from immature or juvenile form to mature form.

Answer 32

Development

Question 33

Multiple cells possessing the same origin, displaying similar functions, and often similarly located within an organism.

Answer 33

Tissue

Question 34

Two or typically three layers of tissue found in early animal embryos that are the product of early cellular differentiation and specialization, and which are formed in the course of a developmental process known as gastrulation.

Answer 34

Primary tissues

Question 35

Layers of cells that line surfaces, form glands, and serves as skin in animals.

Answer 35

Epithelial tissue

Question 36

Groups of cells in animals specialized for contraction.

Answer 36

Muscle tissue

Question 37

Groups of animal cells specialized in the conduction of information via impulses of membrane depolarization.

Answer 37

Nervous tissue

Question 38

Groups of cells and often associated fibers in animals that are notable especially in terms of their association with a specialized extracellular matrix.

Answer 38

Connective tissue

Question 39

Groups of similar types of animal cells that are both associated with excretion of collagen protein.

Answer 39

Fibrous connective tissue

Question 40

Groups of similar types of animal cells that are associated with excretion of large amounts of collagen protein.

Answer 40

Dense connective tissue

Question 41

Groups of similar types of animal cells that are associated with excretion of collagen protein and which are able to sustain fairly substantial amounts of reversible deformation.

Answer 41

Elastic connective tissue

Question 42

Groups of similar types of animal cells that are associated with excretion of collagen protein and which are associated especially with a substantial amount of flexibility.

Answer 42

Loose connective tissue

Question 43

Groups of similar types of animal cells that are associated with excretion of collagen protein and which provide an internal structural support to various soft organs.

Answer 43

Reticular connective tissue

Question 44

Combination especially of epithelia, fibroblasts, and associated fibers.

Answer 44

Tissue membrane

Question 45

The tissue that lines animal body cavities.

Answer 45

Serous membrane

Question 46

Groups of cell types employed by the body to store fat.

Answer 46

Adipose tissue

Question 47

Aspect of a body consisting of one or more cells that together are able to give rise to one or more specific processes.

Answer 47

Functional units

Question 48

Multi-tissue, discrete structure within an organism's body that is responsible for specific processes.

Answer 48

Organ

Question 49

The largest of the discrete functional units making up bodies.

Answer 49

Organ system

Question 50

Contractile tissue associated with organs and mostly not under voluntary control.

Answer 50

Smooth muscle

Question 51

Volume within animals containing the central nervous system.

Answer 51

Dorsal cavity

Question 52

Volume within animals containing the numerous internal organs other than the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 52

Ventral cavity

Question 53

Volume within animals containing the heart and lungs.

Answer 53

Thoracic cavity

Question 54

Pleural cavity

Answer 54

Volume within animals containing the lungs.

Question 55

Pericardial cavity

Answer 55

Volume within animals containing the heart.

Question 56

Volume within animals containing the bulk of internal organs as well as the bulk of the digestive system.

Answer 56

Abdominal cavity

Question 57

Stem cells

Answer 57

Cells that supply the body with new cells by dividing and then differentiating into more specialized cells.

Question 58

Antimicrobial barrier often possessing viscous, moist secretions on its surface and covering most body surfaces not directly in contact with the outside environment.

Answer 58

Mucous membrane

Question 59

Fibrous sheet found underlying epithelial and endothelial tissue.

Answer 59

Basement membrane

Question 60

Skin as defined from the perspective of its being a tissue membrane.

Answer 60

Cutaneous membrane

Question 61

Most abundant protein in mammals, connects together tissues and is the primary constituent of connective tissue.

Answer 61

Collagen

Question 62

Connective tissue protein that is capable of fairly substantial stretching and contraction while exerting force towards return to its original size.

Answer 62

Elastin

Question 63

Crosslinked collagen fibers that create a fine mesh that serves as connective tissue internal support of various soft internal tissues within animal bodies.

Answer 63

Reticulin

Question 64

Major protein constituent of the outer layer of skin, nails, hair, reptilian scales, feathers, hooves, claws, beaks, baleen, horns including those of rhinoceros, and porcupine quills.

Answer 64

Keratin

Question 65

Body barrier as displayed by vertebrate animals to microorganisms and various invertebrate animals as well as water, nutrients, and colloidal substances as found in bodies.

Answer 65

Skin

Question 66

The underlying layer of the skin.

Answer 66

Hypodermis

Question 67

Alternative name for hypodermis.

Answer 67

Subcutaneous

Question 68

The middle layer of the skin.

Answer 68

Dermis

Question 69

The outer layer of the skin.

Answer 69

Epidermis

Question 70

The lower-most layer of the epidermis.

Answer 70

Basal stratum

Question 71

The upper-most layer of the epidermis.

Answer 71

Cornified stratum

Question 72

Cells that are responsible for generating the primary protein constituent of the cornified layer of skin as well as of various skin appendages such as hair.

Answer 72

Keratinocytes

Question 73

Cells responsible for producing the major pigment associated with skin and hair.

Answer 73

Melanocytes

Question 74

Common pigment associated for example with skin, hair, and eyes which serves as an absorbent of ultraviolet radiation.

Answer 74

Melanin

Question 75

Single layer of tightly connected animal cells that serves as a surface covering of other tissues.

Answer 75

Simple epithelium

Question 76

Multiple layers of tightly connected animal cells that serve as a surface covering of other tissues.

Answer 76

Stratified epithelium

Question 77

Smooth muscles attached to hair follicles.

Answer 77

Arrector pili

Question 78

Keratin-based skin appendage that is a defining characteristic of mammals.

Answer 78

Hair

Question 79

Source in mammals of defining keratinized skin appendages as well as the outlet for apocrine and sebaceous glands.

Answer 79

Hair follicle

Question 80

Hardened keratin-based structures found at the terminus of most primate digits.

Answer 80

Nails

Question 81

Means by animals generate substances that are then released via ducts.

Answer 81

Exocrine gland

Question 82

Antimicrobial as well as cooling fluid released onto the skin by certain exocrine glands.

Answer 82

Sweat

Question 83

Releaser, onto the skin, of sweat.

Answer 83

Eccrine gland

Question 84

Releasers of non-sebum oily materials into hair follicles and from there to the surface of our bodies.

Answer 84

Apocrine gland

Question 85

Releasers of water-proofing materials into hair follicles and from there to the surface of our bodies.

Answer 85

Sebaceous gland

Question 86

Lubricating, waterproofing, and antimicrobial substance secreted onto the skin of mammals.

Answer 86

Sebum

Question 87

Acne vulgaris

Answer 87

Skin condition associated with blockage of hair follicles and sebaceous glands.

Question 88

Boil

Answer 88

Deep hair follicle infection.

Question 89

Impetigo

Answer 89

Contagious bacterial skin infection common especially among young children.

Question 90

Wart

Answer 90

Growth-like viral infection of the skin.