Chapter 1: Cells, Life, and Homeostasis

Question 1

Membrane-enclosed, basic, replicable unit of living things.

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Fluid mosaic lipid bilayer that surrounds a cell, separating the cytoplasm on the inside from the extracellular environment on the outside.

Answer 2

Plasma membrane

Question 3

Ability to allow the movement of some substances but not of others, particularly across membranes

Answer 3

Selective Permeability

Question 4

Protein-based catalyst.

Answer 4

Enzyme

Question 5

Amino acid-based polymeric substance that is found in association with lipid bilayers.

Answer 5

Membrane Protein

Question 6

The liquid volume of a cell that is found immediately interior to the plasma membrane.

Answer 6

Cytoplasm

Question 7

Multi-molecular, including multi-protein, sub-cellular machine.

Answer 7

Organelle

Question 8

Double-layered membrane-associated structure containing the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms, part of the endomembrane system.

Answer 8

Cell Nucleus

Question 9

The site of cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 9

Mitochondria

Question 10

Material found between animal cells, supplying both cushioning to tissues and resistance to tearing.

Answer 10

Extracellular Matrix

Question 11

Cells making up the same organism having dissimilar functions and appearances despite being genetically identical.

Answer 11

Cellular Differentiation

Question 12

The idea that living systems, in order to survive and prosper, must control within relatively narrow ranges various physical, chemical, and physiological parameters associated with their bodies.

Answer 12

Homeostasis

Question 13

A system for which change occurs but no net change occurs, whether or not that lack of net change requires an ongoing input of energy.

Answer 13

Steady State

Question 14

All of the chemical reactions that take place within an organism.

Answer 14

Metabolism

Question 15

Chemical reactions associated with organisms that break substances down to yield readily usable forms of energy.

Answer 15

Catabolism

Question 16

Chemical reactions associated with organisms that are energy requiring and which build molecules up.

Answer 16

Anabolism

Question 17

Specialized amino-acid based polymers within cells and bodies that provide important functions other than participating in chemical reactions.

Answer 17

Structural protein

Question 18

Movement of materials such as into and out of cells.

Answer 18

Membrane transport

Question 19

Nonsolid aspects of bodies that are found outside of cells and which are contained within the integumentary system.

Answer 19

Extracellular fluid

Question 20

Nonsolid aspects of bodies that are found outside of cells, within the integumentary system, and other than that making up blood and lymph.

Answer 20

Interstitial fluid

Question 21

The state that a system tends to achieve especially in the absence of external input.

Answer 21

Equilibrium

Question 22

The normal level of a given homeostatic parameter.

Answer 22

Set point

Question 23

The idea that homeostasis actually consists of ranges in conditions that also can vary non-pathologically depending on circumstances.

Answer 23

Dynamic constancy

Question 24

The tendency for perturbations of systems away from a given state to be resisted.

Answer 24

Negative feedback

Question 25

The tendency for perturbations of systems away from a given state to be amplified.

Answer 25

Positive feedback

Question 26

Energy consumption observed by an organism that is at rest and otherwise not participating in any extraneous activities.

Answer 26

Basal metabolic rate

Question 27

Particularly shorter-term changes that organisms display that serve to enhance organism functionality especially in response to new environmental conditions.

Answer 27

Physiological adaptation

Question 28

Contribution of multiple interacting systems to the maintenance of homeostasis.

Answer 28

Integrated functioning

Question 29

Detection of changes by bodies thus leading to behavioral, physiological, or morphological change in body functioning.

Answer 29

Responsiveness