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EAS 2600 > Exam 3 Random old test > Flashcards

Exam 3 Random old test Flashcards

1
Q

after oceans which of the following reservoirs contains the most water

A

the glaciers and polar ice caps

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2
Q

the process by which surface water becomes groundwater is called

A

infiltration

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3
Q

what powers the hydrologic cycle

A

solar energy

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4
Q

the release of water vapor from plants is called

A

transpiration

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5
Q

when looking at a cross section of a coastal mountain range what area receives the most rain

A

the side of the mountain closest to the ocean

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6
Q

which of the following regions has the highest annual surface runoff

A

western washington because of the ocean and mountain range; think Seattle

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7
Q

what is the difference between the saturated and unsaturated zones of groundwater

A

the pore spaces in the saturated zone are full of water; the pore spaces in the unsaturated zone are not full of water

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8
Q

which of the following statements about the groundwater table is true

A

the groundwater table has the same general shape as the topography

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9
Q

what represents the boundary between the saturated zone and unsaturated zone

A

groundwater table

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10
Q

_____ is the infiltration of water into the saturated zone, and ____ is the exit of ground water to the surface

A

recharge

discharge

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11
Q

because of human activity, sediment transported by streams has

A

increased dramatically

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12
Q

which term describes the total sediment load carried by a stream

A

capacity

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13
Q

suspended load includes all material

A

temporarily or permanently suspended in the flow

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14
Q

which of the following is considered part of a stream’s bed load

A

gravel sliding along the bottom

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15
Q

as the velocity of a stream current increases

A

more of the bed material is in motion

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16
Q

which of the following particles is the most easily eroded from the bed of a stream

A

sand

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17
Q

which of the following materials is most likely to be transported as suspended load

A

clay

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18
Q

in a sand dune in a river, _____ occurs on the upstream side of the dune and _____ occurs on the downstream side of the dune

A

erosion

deposition

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19
Q

a curved, coarse-grained deposit that forms on the inside curve of a stream

A

point bar

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20
Q

curves and bends in a stream channel are called

A

meanders

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21
Q

at a bend in a river, ___ occurs on the outside of the bend and ____ occurs on the inside of the bend

A

erosion

depostion

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22
Q

oxbow lakes are associated with which of the following types of rivers

A

meandering rives

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23
Q

in which of the following locations would one most likely find a braided stream

A

at the edge of a melting glacier

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24
Q

the volume of water flowing past a given point in a given time is called the

A

discharge

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25
Q

what is the most fertile area for crops

A

a floodplain

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26
Q

what is the correct discharge equation

A

discharge= width x depth x velocity

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27
Q

for most rivers discharge _____ downstream

A

increases

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28
Q

at any point in a river, the equilibrium between erosion of the streambed and sedimentation in the channel is controlled by

A

climate, stream flow, topography

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29
Q

describes the shape of the longitudinal profile of a stream

A

a concave upward curve

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30
Q

if a dam is build, sediment will _____ on the upstream side of the dam and sediment will ______ on the downstream side of the dam

A

accumulate

erode

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31
Q

large cone-shaped deposits of sediment at a mountain front are called

A

alluvial fans

32
Q

what is a true statement regarding stream terraces is true

A

terraces are composed of floodplain deposits and form as a result of rapid uplift

33
Q

what type of drainage is randome

A

dendritic

34
Q

what type of drainage network would you expect to find on a volcano

A

radial drainage

35
Q

where do deltas form

A

at river mouths

36
Q

on a delta, smaller rivers that branch off downstream are called

A

distributaries

37
Q

due to the undercutting action, waterfalls

A

retreat upstream

38
Q

the process whereby sand grains jump along the streambed during transport

A

saltation

39
Q

the topographic rise between two streams is called a

A

divide

40
Q

what sort of sedimentary structure forms where rives run into bodies of standing water

A

delta

41
Q

in what climate will chemical weathering be the most rapid

A

hot and humid

42
Q

what is the most stable mineral at the earth’s surface

A

hematite

43
Q

which of the following minerals is least stable at the earth’s surface

A

olivine

44
Q

what mineral is most likely to form a clay mineral during weathering

A

feldspar because of hydrolysis

45
Q

as a rock breaks into smaller pieces, the ratio of surface area to volume

A

increases

46
Q

which of the following chemical species is not produced by the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar (orthoclase)

A

water H2O

47
Q

most common acid on the earth’s surface

A

carbonic acid

48
Q

what happens to the potassium (K) in feldspar during chemical weathering

A

it dissolves in the water

49
Q

what is a form of chemical weathering

A

dissolution

50
Q

what type of mineral will have the greatest chemical stability

A

a mineral with a low solubility and a low rate of dissolution

51
Q

what will decrease the rate of chemical weathering of a rock at the earth’s surface

A

decreasing the temperature

52
Q

what mineral is most susceptible to oxidation

A

pyroxene

53
Q

what causes the deep red color of soils found in Georgia and other warm, humid regions

A

iron oxides

54
Q

what is not an example of chemical weathering

A

splitting a rock along a fracture

55
Q

what is an example of physical weathering

A

the splitting or a rock by a tree root

56
Q

physical weathering is greatest at

A

high latitudes

57
Q

organic matter in the earth’s topsoils is called

A

humus

58
Q

in a soil profile organic matter is found

A

primarily in the A horizon

59
Q

which soil horizon consists of primarily of slightly altered, weathered bedrock

A

the c horizon

60
Q

which of the following forces is the dominant cause of mass movement

A

gravity

61
Q

what is not an important factor in causing mass movements

A

temperature of slope materials; amount of water, steepness and instability of slopes, and nature of slope materials are all important

62
Q

a hill consisting of loose, dry sand that slopes at the angle of repose and has no vegetation

A

is stable unless oversteepened by excavation, may flow if it becomes saturated with water, and will be more stable if vegetation takes root on the hill

63
Q

______ form steeper slopes than ____

A

angular pebbles

coarse sand

64
Q

which of the following has the steepest angle of repose

A

damp sand

65
Q

which of the following slopes of unconsolidated material will be the least stable

A

a slope greater than the angle of repose

66
Q

stripping soil of vegetation by burning or deforestation will _____ the likelihood of mass movements

A

increase

67
Q

the accumulation of rocks at the base of a cliff is called a

A

talus

68
Q

in what class of mass movement does the material move as if it were a fluid

A

flows

69
Q

what type of mass movement could a person not outrun

A

debris avalanche

70
Q

a slow slide of unconsolidated material that travels as a unit is called

A

a slump

71
Q

what process only occurs in permafrost regions

A

solifluction

72
Q

in what climate will chemical weathering be the slowest

A

cold and dry

73
Q

what rock would be most affected by chemical weathering

A

marble

74
Q

one of the most effective mechanisms for physical weathering is

A

frost wedging

75
Q

what information do geologists use to estimate speeds of ancient rivers

A

grain size

EAS 2600 (18 decks)

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