Exam 1 Summer 17 old test Flashcards
what type of magma forms when the upper mantle undergoes decompression melting
mafic
which of the following best describes and andesite
a fine-grained, intermediate igneous rock
based upon the image below of the Yellowstone area, which way is the North American Plate moving
southwest
as we go deeper in Earth and the pressure grows we encounter minerals with
more compact crystal structures
which of the following minerals crystallizes from a magma at the lowest temperature
quartz
what is the eruption temperature of basaltic lava
1000 to 1200 degrees celcius
mantle plumes generate large volumes of _____ magmas
basaltic
how many cleavage planes do sheet silicates tend to have
one
the motion of a flowing material in which hot matter rises from the bottom and cool matter sinks from the surface is called
convection
the most common rock forming minerals in the curst are
silicates
the shape in which individual minerals or an aggregate of minerals grow is called
habit
____ is the most common mineral or mineral group in Earth’s crust
feldspar
the main difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is
where they solidify
what type of mineral is pyrite (FeS2) also known as fools gold
sulfide
the mineral property “cleavage” refers to the
splitting of a mineral along planar surfaces
which of the following pairs of intrusive and extrusive rocks have the same chemical composition
gabbro and basalt
how do we know that the initial composition of the melt that the Palisades sill was mafic
there is basalt in the contact zone where the melt chilled
the classification of igneous rocks is dependent on texture and the relative proportion of silicate minerals
silicate minerals
in order to make a sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl) bond in NaCL
one electron is transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom
what is the term for atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
if a magma undergoes fractional crystallization, the remaining magma will be
more felsic
which of the following rocks is a volcanic rock made up of lithified pyroclastic material
tuff
ultramafic lava flows are relatively uncommon. why is that?
they have a high melting point and the crustal temperature is low
which of the following minerals is common in both felsic and mafic igneous rocks
plagioclase feldspar
large crystals with well formed crystal faces tend to form when
minerals have space to grow
which of the following minerals is rarely found in felsic igneous rocks
olivine
the silica tetrahedra readily bonds with cations when available becasue
it has a net negative charge
which of the following processes would most likely yield a granitic magma
partial melting of the continental crust
what is the origin of the word “felsic” in the context of igneous rock classification
feldspar and silica
the rock cycle describes how the three basic rock groups
form, break down, and relate to one another
continental crust is ___ than oceanic crust
less dense than
the process whereby two different magmas mix is called
magma mixing
which of the following best describes a rhyolite
fine grained igneous rock rich in silica
magma is by definition
molten rock below the surface
most of the world’s active volcanoes are located around the edge of which ocean
the Pacific ocean
what mineral class is more likely to exhibit covalent bonding
silicates
which of the following statements regarding the density of materials is false
density increases with increasing temperature F
(density depends on the closeness of the atomic packing, increases with increasing pressure, and depends on the atomic weight of the ions in a mineral)
which of the following minerals is most likely to settle to the bottom of a magma chamber
olivine
approximately 50% of earth’s crust is made up of which element
oxygen
which of the following minerals does not exhibit cleavage
quartz
which of the following lists is in the correct order of increasing silica content
gabbro, diorite, granite
what type of volcanic rock contains a large number of vesicles (bubbles) that form when gases escape from the solidifying melt
pumice
which of the following subatomic particles has a positive charge
protons
the chemical formula (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 describes which of the following minerals
olivine
in identical mineral structures, cations of similar sizes often substitute for each other. based on size similarities which of the following pairs would you expect to substitute most easily
Mg 2+ and Fe 2+
Bowen’s reaction series describes
the sequence in which minerals form when magmas cool
which of the following elements is more abundant in earth’s crust than in earth as a whole
silicon
what type of mineral is gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O), the primary component of plaster
sulfate
what would we expect to find when two oceanic lithospheres converge
a volcanic island arc
what type of igneous rock would you expect to find on the continent near where oceanic and continental plates converge (volcano on continent)
all of the above
intermediate, mafic, and felsic
what type of plate boundary is it when continent and ocean meet
convergent
which type of igneous rock would you expect to find on the oceanic subducting plate
basalt
the two most common elements in earth’s crust are
oxygen and silicon
what is the approximate silica content of granite
70%
which of the following atomic configurations is an anion
(more electrons than protons)
24 protons, 26 neutrons, and 30 electrons
at approximately what temp do olivine and calcium rich plagioclase feldspar crystallize from a mafic melt
1200 degrees celcius
rocks that form from the solidification of molten rock are called
igneous
what mineral class is more likely to exhibit metallic bonding
native elements
when cleaved, mica breaks through planes of
interlayer cations
which of the following statements is true
cations are generally smaller than anions
cations are not larger than anions and they are not the same size
