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Biomechanics > Exam 3: Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms and dysfunction are caused by

A

Pinched nerves

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2
Q

Subluxation of a vertebrae is a

A

Slight deviation from its normal relation to adjacent vertebrae

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3
Q

The real, primary cause of disease is

A

Tension

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4
Q

Cause of tension is

A

Pressure

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5
Q

Cause of pressure in 95% of conditions is

A

Subluxated vertebrae

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6
Q

Cause in remaining 5% of conditions is

A

Luxation of other bones (other than vertebral column)

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7
Q

Spinal subluxations were hypothesized to

A

Induce NR compression as result of direct anatomic compression w/in IVF

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8
Q

NR dysfunction is hypothesized to induce dysfunction of

A

Somatic or visceral tissues

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9
Q

Prolonged compression was hypothesized to induce

A

Loss of function

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10
Q

Moderate compression was hypothesized to cause

A

Inc neural activity, pain, paresthesias, hypertonic muscles

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11
Q

Joint subluxations are extremely ____ to pinch NRs at margins of IVF

A

Unlikely

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12
Q

“Pinched nerve” notion is NOT

A

Chiropractic

Used by MDs

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13
Q

An impinged nerve has pressure on

A

One side only

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14
Q

Nerves may be impinged upon by any ___ but pinched only by

A

Displaced bone; fracture and extreme displacement

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15
Q

Impingement of a nerve

A

Increased tension by stretching

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16
Q

Spinal NRs at interpedicular region are more susceptible to

A

Pressure, inflamm and ischemia

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17
Q

____ w/in the interpedicular space are especially susceptible to compressive force

A

DRGs

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18
Q

Injured dorsal NRs respond more vigorously to

A

Mechanical deformation

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19
Q

It (is/is not) necessary for spinal NRs to be directly compressed to develop pathologic dysfunction

A

Is NOT

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20
Q

Other kinds of mechanical stresses can affect nerve tissue because

A

Arteries, veins, lymphatics, fat, CT also occupy IVF

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21
Q

density of ____ in DRG cells is relatively high, these regions are unusually excitable

A

Sodium ion channels

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22
Q

DRs and DRG are more susceptible to effects of

A

Mechanical compression

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23
Q

Joint malposition contributing to dysfunction more likely to occur by

A

Narrowing more vulnerable interpedicular zone

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24
Q

Subluxation has greater potential to affect NR function if

A

It is secondary to other disorders already narrowing lateral recess

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25
Q

Vertebral subluxation complex

A

Subluxation presented as a complex multifaceted pathologic entity

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26
Q

Vertebral subluxation syndrome

A

Clinical disorder identified by presenting symptoms and physical signs

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27
Q

Subluxation =

A

Biomechanical aberration

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28
Q

Subluxation complex

A

Pathological consequences

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29
Q

Subluxation syndrome

A

Physical manifestation

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30
Q

Orthoneurologic exam asses the state of

A

Pathologic tissue changes and aids in determining prognosis

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31
Q

Biomechanical analysis determines the

A

Therapeutic prodecures and treatment schedule

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32
Q

Chiropractic adjustment uses short-leverage technique

A

HVLA

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33
Q

T/F all adjustments are all associated w/ cavitation

A

False (not always)

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34
Q

Chiropractors commonly used adjustments to

A

Influence joint and neurophysiologic function

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35
Q

What is central goal in delivery of adjustment

A

Restoration of motion

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36
Q

When there is a change in structure, there will be a change in

A

Function

37
Q

Vertebral hypomobility can cause ______ bc of changes in sensory input

A

Pain and abnormal spinal mechanics

38
Q

What things provide best opportunity for optimal healing

A

Aggressive early care and restoration of motion

39
Q

Facilitation is the persistend afferent input which induces

A

Development of pathologic reflexes

40
Q

Facilitation and sensitization hypothesis views vert joint dysfunction as

A

Lesions capable of inducing altered proprioceptive and nociceptive input

41
Q

Somato-somatic reflex hypothesis

A

Afferent impulses from one body area result in reflex in other areas

42
Q

Example of somato-somatic hypothesis

A

Segmental muscle hypertonicity may be associated w/ joint dysfunction

43
Q

Somato-visceral reflex hypothesis

A

Afferent impulses in 1 body area result in reflex activity in innervated visceral organ activity

44
Q

Example of Somato-visceral reflex

A

Heart palpitations secondary to T joint dysfunction

45
Q

Viscero-somatic reflex hypothesis

A

Visceral afferent fibers reflexly cause somatic problems

46
Q

Example of viscer-somatic reflex hypothesis

A

Pain and muscle tightness in L shoulder w/ onset of MI

47
Q

Viscero-visceral hypothesis

A

Visceral afferent impulses results in activation of visceral efferent output of sym or para motor neurons

48
Q

Example of viscero-visceral reflex hypothesis

A

Distention of gut results in inc contraction of gut muscle

49
Q

Study from AMA on patients w/ ulcers

A

86% had T6-9 scoliosis and 90% had DDD

50
Q

Somato-psychic reflex hypothesis

A

Subluxations can affect upon ascending paths of reticular activating system

51
Q

Example of somato-psychic reflex hypothesis

A

Joint dysfunction leading to conditions such as insomnia and restlessness

52
Q

Psycho-somatic reflex hypothesis

A

Conscious/unconscious stressors perpetuate sensitization of afferent nerve fibers

53
Q

Example of Psycho-somatic reflex hypothesis

A

Patients under emotional distress in car accident showed more neck pain 4 weeks post injury

54
Q

Neurodystrophic hypothesis

A

Neural dysfunction/abnormal innervation leads to lowered tissue resistance

55
Q

3 steps of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Alarm reaction
Stage of resistance
Stage of exhaustion

56
Q

Alarm reaction

A

Body is modified to defend against stressor

57
Q

Stage of resistance

A

Arousal remains high as body tries to defend against and adapt to stressor

58
Q

Stage of exhaustion

A

Resources very limited; ability to resist may collapse

59
Q

Inflammatory and vascular components of the VSC

A

Vascular congestion
Ischemia
Inflamm

60
Q

Localized venous stasis may lead to local

A

Ischemia
Inflamm
Joint stiffness

61
Q

Pain that accompanies inflamm initiates local

A

Reflex muscle contraction

62
Q

Persistent inflamm and pain lower pain thresholds which gives rise to

A

Allodynia
Hyperalgesia
Sensitization of CNS

63
Q

Some degree of ____ should be suspected when patient’s pain is constant

A

Joint or soft tissue inflamm

64
Q

_______ are needed to see subluxation in all its living forms

A

Several theories

65
Q

Homeostasis enables body to stay alive in an

A

Ever-changing environment

66
Q

The nervous system is the

A

Prime controller of homeostasis

67
Q

Faulty MSK relationships can cause

A

Dysfunction in nervous system

68
Q

Chiro hypothesizes that ____ aberrations in complex spinal structures lead to ______

A

Biomechanical; loss of NS integrity and health elsewhere in body

69
Q

Most commonly applied chiro therapy

A

Adjustments

70
Q

What is the key distinguishing feature of chiro

A

Adjustments

71
Q

When treating subluxation which direction is the thrust delivered

A

Direction of reduced motion

72
Q

Do bones subluxate?

A

NO — articulations subluxate

73
Q

Motion unit is a 3 joint complex

A

IVD w/ 2 adjacent vertebrae = anterior joint

2 zygaphphyseal joints = posterior joint

74
Q

Acute subluxation presents w/

A

Hyperactivity/irritability

Motor excitation
Sympathetic excitation
Sensory excitation

75
Q

Chronic subluxation presents w/

A

Hypoactivity/compression

Motor depression
Sympathetic depression
Sensory depression

76
Q

Motor excitation produces

A

Hypertonicity

Spasm

77
Q

Sympathetic excitation produces

A

Warmth

78
Q

Sensory excitation produces

A

Pain

Hyperesthesia

79
Q

Motor depression produces

A

Hypotonicity

Weakness

80
Q

Sympathetic depression produces

A

Coolness

Trophic changes

81
Q

Sensory depression produces

A

Anesthesia

82
Q

Active ROM

A

Patient able to accomplish on their own

83
Q

Passive ROM

A

Requires external assistance

84
Q

Zone of physiological movement

A

Active + passive ROM

85
Q

Normal physiologic barrier

A

Point to which patient can actively move any joint

86
Q

Normal anatomic barrier

A

Point to which joint can be moved passively beyond physiological barrier

87
Q

Elastic barrier

A

Normal barrier to motion when all tension is taken up

88
Q

Joint play resides in which zone

A

Paraphysiological zone of movement

89
Q

HVLA adjustment is delivered at end of

A

Paraphysiologic movement

Biomechanics (15 decks)

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