Exam 3: Gait Quiz Flashcards
Gait
Manner or style of walking
Gait analysis
Evaluation of manner or style of walking
Kinetic chain
Combo of successively arranged joints constituting complex motor unit
Open chain movement
Kinetic chain where terminal segment can move freely
Closed chain movement
Kinetic chain where distal end of extremity is fixed
Ground reactive forces
Force exerted by ground on body in contact with it
Examples of open chain movements
Biceps curl
Bench press
Leg extension
Free movement
Closed chain movements
Push-ups
Pull-ups
Squats, lunges
Compressive forces
Heel strike
Moment when heel strikes ground
Toe off
Moment when toe leave ground
Not longer in BOS
Step
Movement of 1 LE from toe off to heel contact
Stride
2 steps, 1 with each leg
AKA gait cycle
Step length is measured by the distance between
Toe of trailing limb to heel of leading limb
Stride length is the distance between
2 successive placements of same foot
Stride length consists of
2 step lengths (L and R)
Double support if the portion of one gait cycle where
Both feet are in contact w/ the ground
Flight/float is a period of
“Non-support”
Neigher foot is in contact w/ the ground
One complete gait cycle
Moment first foot contact ground until same foot again makes ground contact
Bipedal gait cycle consists of 2 phases
Stance
Swing
Stance
LE contacting ground
Swing
LE swinging through air preparing for next impact
While walking, typical gait cycle lasts
About 1 sec
Stance phase makes up __% of gait cycle
60%
Swing phase makes up __% of gait cycle
40%
Stance phase: distal end of kinetic chain is
Fixed by ground reactive forces
Closed chain motion
Stance phase has 3 sub-phases
Contact
Midstance
Propulsive
Swing phase: distal end of kinetic chain is
Freely mobile
Open chain motion
Stance phase: contact subphase begins at ____ and ends at ____
Heel strike; entire forefoot makes ground contact
First 1/3 of stance phase
Loading response in stance phase
Sole of foot comes into contact w/ ground
Weight of body accepted onto supporting limb
Loading response subphase = ____ of gait cycle
First 10%
Stance phase: midstance
Period when Center of gravity if vaulting over foot
Midstance ends at point of
Heel off
Midstance makes of ___ of stance phase
Second 1/3
Stance phase: propulsive subphase begins when ____ and ends when ____
Heel leaves ground (heel lift); tips of toes no longer make ground contact
Propulsive subphase makes up _____ of stance phase
Final 1/3
Stance phase when running
Changes timing of the events
Stance subphases when running
Contact = first 20% Midstance = next 25% Propulsive = final 55%
3 parts of swing phase
Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration
Acceleration begins w/ ___ and ends w/ ____
Toe off; swinging foot reaching stance foot
Midswing occurs when
Swinging leg overtakes stance leg
Midswing begins as ______ and ends when ____
Swinging leg opposite stance leg; swinging leg is forward, tibia is vertical
Deceleration begins with ____ and ends with ____
Vertical tibia of swing leg; heel strike
5 priorities of normal gait
- Stability of WB foot
- Clearance of NWB foot
- Pre-position during terminal swing
- Adequate step length
- Energy conservation
Swing of arms is _____ with the legs
Out of phase (opposite)
As the arm moves forward, shoulders
Rotate w/ arms
Shoulders and pelvis rotate ____
Out of phase with each other
Thoracic spine moves in ____ directions as shoulders and ____ of pelvis to enhance stability and balance
Same (shoulders); opposite (pelvis)
Lumbar spine tends to rotate w/
Pelvis
The point of rotational transition btw L and T is typically btw
T6 and T7
SI joint during right leg swing phase, right innominate rotates
Form anterior to posterior at point of initial contact
Right leg loading response to mid stance, right innominate moves from
Posterior rotation to neutral
Right leg midstance to terminal stance, right innominate rotates
Anteriorly
For normal gait to occur, pelvis must both rotate
ThetaX and tilt thetaZ
Trendelenburg Sign
Pelvis drops on side of lifted foot
Trendelenburg sign indicates
Weak glute med on side of stance leg
Subtalar joint functions as mitered hinge during gait to transmit
Internal/external rotation of tibia to rotation of the foot
Foot supination involves
Plantarflexion
Adduction
Inversion
Foot pronation
Dorsiflexion
Abduction
Eversion
At heel strike, ankle is ____
Dorsiflexed
During loading response ____ at talocrural joint, ____ at subtalar joint
Plantar flexion; pronation
End of midstance interval talocrural joint is ____ and subtalar joint ______
Max dorsiflexed; begins to supinate
Once ankle is fully close-packed, heel is lifted by combo of
Passive force and contraction of triceps surae
At heel strike, subtalar joint is
Pronated
Lateral foot striking the ground
5th though 1st metatarsal head loading
____ maintains medial arch
Plantar fascia
Propulsive phase of foot begins with ___ and ends with
Heel lift; toe-off
____ is necessary for foot propulsion
Rigidity
2 events crucial in creating rigid lever
Close pack position
Plantar fascia pulled tight
What helps create the close pack position
Supination of subtalar joint when heel lifts, cuboid and calcaneous lock
Windlass effect
Toes dorsiflex pulling on plantar fascia resulting in approximation of rearfoot and forefoot
2 most important factors in absorbing shock of impact are
Pronation of subtalar joint
Eccentric muscle actions
Titialis anterior concentric action
Dorsiflex and invert foot
Tibialis anterior eccentrically slows
Plantar flexion after heel strike
Pronation after heel strike
Tibialis posterior concentric action
Plantarflex and invert foot
Tibialis posterior eccentrically slows
Dorsiflexion and pronation during midstance
