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Biomechanics > Exam 1: Hard Tissue and Cartilage > Flashcards

Exam 1: Hard Tissue and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

One of the most dynamic and metabolically active tissues

A

Bone

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2
Q

Bone remains active throughout

A

Life

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3
Q

Bone is highly ___ which means it has excellent capacity for ____

A

Vascular; self-repair

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4
Q

Bone can also alter its properties/configuration to respond/adapt to

A

Changes in mechanical demand

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5
Q

Examples of changes in bone properties

A

Bone density changes due to disuse

Shape changes during fracture/surgical healing

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6
Q

Cortical bone is ____ whereas trabecular bone is ____

A

Stiffer/brittle; tougher

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7
Q

Bone is anisotropic which means that it exhibits distinct mechanical properties when

A

Loaded along various axes

Because its structure differs in transverse and longitudinal directions

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8
Q

Cortical bone can withstand greater stress in ___ > ___ > ___

A

Compression > tension > shear

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9
Q

Cortical bone can tolerate _____ > ____

A

Longitudinal loads > transverse loads

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10
Q

Bone fractures can be produced by

A

Single load — exceeds ultimate strength

Repeated lower-magnitude loads

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11
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone has ability to remodel to meet mechanical demands placed on it

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12
Q

Bone remodeling is due to _____ NOT ____

A

Responses to forces; degeneration

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13
Q

Bone is ____ when not needed

A

Resorbed

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14
Q

Load/demand can be placed on bone by _____ leading to _____

A

Muscle activity or gravity; bone deposition

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15
Q

Cartilage is essentially _____

A

Nonvascular

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16
Q

Cartilage is composed of

A

Collagen, chondrocytes and ground substance

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17
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Articular
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage

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18
Q

Articular cartilage is ____ and subject to ______

A

Viscoelastic; creep and relaxation

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19
Q

During joint articulation, forces at the joint surface vary from

A

0 to >10x body weight

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20
Q

Cartilage is nearly ____ which is unlike any man-made material

A

Frictionless

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21
Q

Interfacial wear is caused by either

A

Adhesion or abrasion

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22
Q

Fatigue wear is caused by

A

Repetition of high loads over short period

Repetition of low loads over extended period

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23
Q

Articular cartilage has only limited capacity for

A

Repair and regeneration

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24
Q

The magnitude of stress sustained by articular cartilage is determined by

A

Total load and how it is distributed over articular surface contact area

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25
Any intense stress concentration will play primary role in
Tissue degeneration
26
How many IVD in an adult
23 (numeric name for segment above)
27
Discs constitute ____% of entire height of vertebral column
20-33%
28
3 parts of the disc
Nucleus pulposus Annulus fibrosus Cartilaginous end plates
29
Disc to VB ratio
Height of IVD compared to height of VB
30
Greater disc:VB ratio means
Greater spinal segmental mobility
31
Disc:VB ratio is greatest in ____ spine
Cervical (2:5)
32
Disc:VB ratio is least in the ____ spine
Thoracic (1:5)
33
Disc:VB ratio in lumbar spine
1:3
34
Nucleus pulposus is a _____ with fine fibrous strands
Mucoprotein gel
35
Nucleus pulposus is ____% water
70-90% - 90 at birth - 80 at 20yrs - 70 old age
36
Bigger discs have ___ capacity to change size
More, because of creep
37
Lumbar nuclei fill ___% of total disc area and are located ____
30-50%; located more posterior
38
Cervical annulus is minimal on _____ and only a ____ in back
Lateral borders (uncinates reinforce) Thin strip in back
39
Annulus fibrosus is fibrous tissue in _____
Concentric laminated bands
40
Concentric laminated bands appear to cross obliquely to each other at an angle of _____ to VB
30 degrees
41
Annular fibers are firmly attached to _____
Cartilaginous endplates in inner zone
42
Peripheral zone fibers attach to VB via
Sharpey’s fibers
43
____ and ___ reinforce annular fibers
ALL and PLL
44
The PLL ____ from cervicals to lumbars, only covering ___% of central portion of lower lumbar discs
Narrows; 50%
45
Weakest area of annulus
Posterolateral aspect
46
Most likely spot for disc herniation in lumbar spine
Posterolateral aspect
47
Outer portion of cartilaginous end plate is ____
Impermeable
48
Diffusion of nutrient occurs in ___ portion of cartilaginous end plate
Central
49
The end plate supplies ____ with most or all of its nutrition
Nucleus pulposus
50
How many blood vessels go directly to disc
NONE
51
Annular fibers get blood supply from
Adjacent soft tissues
52
Nucleus pulposus get blood supply from
VBs
53
IVD is an ______ and _____ tissue which means it undergoes rapid degeneration and has limited _____
Avascular; aneural; self repair
54
During degeneration discs become _____ and _____
Vascularized and innervated by sensory fibers
55
Overnight what happens to disc
Fluid volume inc | Disc expands
56
Result of disc expansion overnight
Inc resistance to forces
57
During the daytime fluid exits the disc which lead to ___ tension of ligs and ___ ROM
Dec tension; inc ROM **lumbar flexion inc up to 50%
58
_____ of nucleus pulposus results in ____ of annular fibers
Compression; tension
59
Flexion results in compression of ____ and tension on ____
Anterior disc; posterior disc
60
With age and biomechanical stress exposure chemical nature of disc changes to
Become more fibrous
61
As a result of disc becoming more fibrous ______ is diminished
Flexibility
62
And injured disc ___ more than a healthy
Deforms
63
Hysteresis is the
Absorption or dissipation of energy by a distorted structure
64
Hysteresis varies with
Age Level Repetitive load
65
Relation to level and hysteresis
Less in lower T and upper L
66
Hysteresis ____ when successively loaded
Decreases
67
Nucleus resists _____ forces and pushes out against _____
Compressive; annular fibers
68
Annular fibers resist ___ forces
Tensile
69
3 types of loads imposed on the disc
Compressive Tensile Shear
70
Examples of compressive loads
``` Gravity Muscle co-contraction Flexion Extension Lateral bend ```
71
Examples of tensile stresses
Flexion Extension Lateral bend Traction
72
Examples of shear stresses
Axial rotation of torso A — P L — R
73
The disc is more susceptible to failure in area of _____ not ____
Tension; compression
74
Mechanical failure occurs first in ______ and causes _____
Cartilaginous endplate; nuclear herniation
75
Nuclear herniation AKA
Schmorl’s node
76
Compressive loads in extension are transmitted through the ____ leading to ___
Facets; capsular injuries
77
Compressive loads applied with torque can produce
Circumferential tears in annular fibers of IVD
78
90% of resistance to torque of a motion segment is provided by
IVDs
79
____ provides majority of torsional resistance
Annulus
80
Axial rotation can strain the annulus in torsion but ______ protect it
Zygapophyseal joints
81
Biomechanical behavior is dependent upon
State of degeneration
82
State of degeneration is dependent upon ____
Age of the disc
83
Most degenerated segments in spine
L3/L4 L4/L5 L5/S1
84
4 stages/types of disc herniation
Nuclear herniation Bulge/prolapse Extrusion Sequestration
85
Nuclear herniation
Nucleus pulposus migrates outward Stays within confines of IVD
86
Bulge/prolapse
Migration outside confines of IVD but NO rupture of outer annular fibers
87
Extrusion
Outer annular fibers tear, nucleus pulposus move into epidural space
88
Sequestration
Discal fragments break loose from IVD, float freely in CSF
89
Disc herniation usually occurs w/ full flexion or lateral bending because of
Excessive forces through PLL
90
________ also associated w/ disc herniation
Repeated loading
91
Common postural habits that inc lumbar flexion
Crossing legs Squatting down on heels Lifting light weights Rapid lunging
92
Contraindication to adjust patient w/ herniated disc?
NO
93
Adjunct treatment option for disc herniation
Axial traction - 70-85% effective McKenzie extension

Biomechanics (15 decks)

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