Exam 2: Cervical Spine Flashcards
1
Q
More ___ associated with this region than any other region
A
Muscles
2
Q
Cervical spine is the most ___ of vertebral column
A
Mobile
3
Q
Cervical curve is ____ of spinal curves
A
Least distinct
4
Q
Cervical curve is considered a
A
Secondary (compensatory) curve
5
Q
Upper cervical spine consists of
A
Occiput
Atlas
Axis
6
Q
Upper cervical spine does not contain any ___
A
IVD
7
Q
Occiput—C1 combined thetaX = ___degrees
A
25
8
Q
Occiput—C1 one sided thetaZ _ = ____ degrees
A
5
9
Q
Occiput—C1 one sided thetaY = ___ degrees
A
5
10
Q
C1–C2 combined thetaX = ___ degrees
A
20
11
Q
C1–C2 one sided thetaZ = ___ degrees
A
5
12
Q
C1–C2 one sided thetaY = ____ degrees
A
40
13
Q
Occiput—C1 greatest motion
A
ThetaX (flex/exten)
14
Q
C1–C2 greatest motion
A
ThetaY (rotation)
15
Q
Superior articular facet of atlas is ___ shaped
A
Peanut
16
Q
Superior articular facet is ___ and faces slightly ___
A
Concave; medial
17
Q
Anatomical structure at occiput—C1 is “cuplike” in ___ and ____ planes
A
Sagittal and frontal
18
Q
Peanut shaped lateral mass of C1 allows for little
A
Rotation
19
Q
Shape of articulation favors ____ axis
A
ThetaX
20
Q
Flexion of occiput—C1
A
Rotates P and S
+thetaX
DOES NOT TRANSLATE
21
Q
Extension of occiput—C1
A
Rotates A and S
-thetaX
DOES NOT TRANSLATE
22
Q
Flexion at occiput—C1 is limited by
A
Posterior neck muscular tension
23
Q
Extension of occiput-C1 is limited by
A
Suboccipital muscle compression against occiput
24
Q
Occiput—C1 thetaY rotation is limited by
A
A and P walls of C1 sockets
Joint capsule tension
Alar lig tension
25
Major limiter of of thetaY rotation at Occ-C1
Alar lig
26
Z axis rotation of occiput-C1: one condyle ____ while the other ____
Elevates out of its socket; serves as a pivot
27
____ lig limits Z axis rotation
Alar
28
Z axis rotation to one side is associated w/
Coupled motion in opposite direction
Why chin rotates away
29
C1 inferior articular process characteristics
Oval
Flat/slightly concave
Face slightly medial
30
Even though C1 inferior articular facets are flat, cartilage creates
Biconvex articulation
31
Instant axis of rotation
Path identifies where one body will rotate relative to another body
32
X axis rotation of C1-C2
Biconvexity: combined thetaX = 20 degrees
33
Inc in dens curvature ___ amount of thetaX
Increases
34
____ lig restrain thetaY rotation at C1-C2
Alar
35
C1-C2 is responsible for over ___ of rotation of neck
50%
36
Intraarticular meniscoids location within C1-C2 articulation
A and P
37
Intraarticular meniscoids function
Keep film of synovial fluid applied to those surfaces
38
Intraarticular meniscoids are displaced with
Y axis rotation
39
C1-C2 thetaY rotation is coupled with
-Y translation
40
ThetaZ at C1-C2 is limited by
Alar ligs and bony anatomy
41
Which lig of upper cervical spine serves as main limiter of motion
Alar lig
42
There is only ___ x axis translation at C1-C2
Apparent
43
There is little Z axis translation at C1-C2 because of
Tight articulation of C1 ring around dens
44
C1-C2: as head is laterally flexed to one side, ____ articular process takes on greater load
Ipsilateral
45
Lateral bend at C1-C2 results in rotation of spinous toward ____
Convexity of lateral bend (opposite)
46
At C1-C2, if lateral bend to R, spinous goes
L
47
Most cervical flexion/extension occurs at
C4/5 and C5/6
13-29 degrees (about 20)
48
Most y axis rotation of cervical spine occurs at
C3/4
C4/5
C5/6
About 7 degrees
49
Most Z axis rotation of cervical spine occurs at
C2/3
C3/4
C4/5
About 10-11 degrees
50
Lower cervical: lateral bending to one side, spinous rotates
Contralateral
51
During flexion/extension of cervical spine, there is associated ____ in sagittal plane
Translation
52
+ thetaX is coupled with _____ translation
+Z
53
- thetaX is coupled with _____ translation
-Z
54
More translation occurs in
Upper Cervical spine
55
Total “normal” translation is approximately
3.5mm
56
Lateral bending of cervical spine causes spinouses to move toward
Convexity of curve (contralateral)
57
Positive thetaZ is coupled with ____
- thetaY
58
- thetaZ is coupled with ____
+ thetaY
59
____ rotation w/ lateral bending in lower cervicals
Less
60
Steepness of arch at C2
Flat (more translation)
61
Steepest arches are at
C6 and C7
62
The acuity of arc decreases w/ ____
Degeneration
63
ALL limits what motion
Negative thetaX (extension)
64
PLL limits what movement
Positive thetaX (flexion)
65
Ligamentum flavum slows what motion
Last few degrees of + thetaX
66
Interspinous lig limits what motion
Positive thetaX
67
Ligamentum nuchae limits what motion
Positive thetaX
68
Intertransverse lig limits what motion
Contralateral lateral flexion (thetaZ)
69
X axis translation of cervicals is reduced because of
Uncinates
70
X axis rotation is ____
Promoted
71
Uncinate processes also limit
Pure lateral flexion
72
Uncinates act as guides to couple
Lateral flexion w/ axial rotation
73
Degeneration of uncovertebral joints results in
Bony outgrowth (osteophytosis)
74
Osteophytosis may impinge the
Vertebral artery
| Cervical nerves
75
Cervical IVD have strong ___ annulus and are lacking in ____ and ____
Anterior; lateral and posterior
76
Facets of cervical spine are angled ____ degrees between _____ and ____ planes
45 degrees; coronal and transverse
77
Inferior facet orientation for C, T, L
AIL
AIM
AIL
78
Changes to Z joint w/ age
Thin articular cart
Thicken subarticular bone
Osteophytes
79
Osteophyte formation always occurs at
Edge of articular cartilage
80
Proprioception in cervical spine
IVD
Facet joints
Cervical muscles
81
IVD likely senses peripheral
Compression/tension
Deformation
Alignment
82
Facet mechanoreceptors are responsive to ____ of joint motion
Extremes
83
Only small # of receptors in cervical facets so they likely ____
Responsible for large receptive field
84
Muscle spindles primarily detect
Changes in length
85
Muscles in cervical region contain ____ of muscle spindles
High density
**especially suboccipital
86
Which suboccipital muscles contains most muscle spindles
RCP minor
87
Gate theory
Proprioceptive input into dorsal horn modulates nociceptive input to CNS
88
The more open the gates, the more
Pain messages— High levels of pain
89
More closed the gates, the fewer
Pain messages — person experiences less pain
90
Sensitization is the change in stimulus-response profile so that they respond to
Mehanoreceptive afferents as if they were nociceptors
91
Sensitization occurs when
CNS becomes facilitated
Hurt may not equal harm
92
Direction of orientation of superior facets in cervical spine
Posterior, superior, medial
93
Muscular changes in patients w/ chronic neck pain
Atrophy
| Fatty infiltration/degen
94
Cervical curve develops when
Prior to birth
95
Cervical lordosis aids in
Absorbing spinal loads
96
Angle of cervical lordosis should be
30-45 degrees
97
Upper cervical curve (occiput-C2) is
Kyphotic
98
Lower cervical curve (c2-C7) is
Classical lordosis
99
Primary load on cervical spine is
Compression
100
Compressive loads ___ during flexion or extension
Increase
101
Cervical spine units can withstand at least _____N in compression w/out damage
2000
102
The ___ load induces bending and the ___ load minimizes bending moments and shear
Vertical load; follower load
103
Follower load remains ___ to spinal curve
Tangential
104
Follower load allows cervical spine to
Bear larger compressive loads
105
Inc stability that comes from added compression is due to
Muscular action
106
The co-activation of muscles produces a ____ load
Follower load
NOT vertical load
