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Biomechanics > Exam 2: Cervical Spine > Flashcards

Exam 2: Cervical Spine Flashcards

1
Q

More ___ associated with this region than any other region

A

Muscles

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2
Q

Cervical spine is the most ___ of vertebral column

A

Mobile

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3
Q

Cervical curve is ____ of spinal curves

A

Least distinct

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4
Q

Cervical curve is considered a

A

Secondary (compensatory) curve

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5
Q

Upper cervical spine consists of

A

Occiput
Atlas
Axis

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6
Q

Upper cervical spine does not contain any ___

A

IVD

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7
Q

Occiput—C1 combined thetaX = ___degrees

A

25

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8
Q

Occiput—C1 one sided thetaZ _ = ____ degrees

A

5

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9
Q

Occiput—C1 one sided thetaY = ___ degrees

A

5

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10
Q

C1–C2 combined thetaX = ___ degrees

A

20

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11
Q

C1–C2 one sided thetaZ = ___ degrees

A

5

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12
Q

C1–C2 one sided thetaY = ____ degrees

A

40

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13
Q

Occiput—C1 greatest motion

A

ThetaX (flex/exten)

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14
Q

C1–C2 greatest motion

A

ThetaY (rotation)

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15
Q

Superior articular facet of atlas is ___ shaped

A

Peanut

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16
Q

Superior articular facet is ___ and faces slightly ___

A

Concave; medial

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17
Q

Anatomical structure at occiput—C1 is “cuplike” in ___ and ____ planes

A

Sagittal and frontal

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18
Q

Peanut shaped lateral mass of C1 allows for little

A

Rotation

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19
Q

Shape of articulation favors ____ axis

A

ThetaX

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20
Q

Flexion of occiput—C1

A

Rotates P and S
+thetaX

DOES NOT TRANSLATE

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21
Q

Extension of occiput—C1

A

Rotates A and S
-thetaX

DOES NOT TRANSLATE

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22
Q

Flexion at occiput—C1 is limited by

A

Posterior neck muscular tension

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23
Q

Extension of occiput-C1 is limited by

A

Suboccipital muscle compression against occiput

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24
Q

Occiput—C1 thetaY rotation is limited by

A

A and P walls of C1 sockets
Joint capsule tension
Alar lig tension

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25
Q

Major limiter of of thetaY rotation at Occ-C1

A

Alar lig

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26
Q

Z axis rotation of occiput-C1: one condyle ____ while the other ____

A

Elevates out of its socket; serves as a pivot

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27
Q

____ lig limits Z axis rotation

A

Alar

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28
Q

Z axis rotation to one side is associated w/

A

Coupled motion in opposite direction

Why chin rotates away

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29
Q

C1 inferior articular process characteristics

A

Oval
Flat/slightly concave
Face slightly medial

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30
Q

Even though C1 inferior articular facets are flat, cartilage creates

A

Biconvex articulation

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31
Q

Instant axis of rotation

A

Path identifies where one body will rotate relative to another body

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32
Q

X axis rotation of C1-C2

A

Biconvexity: combined thetaX = 20 degrees

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33
Q

Inc in dens curvature ___ amount of thetaX

A

Increases

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34
Q

____ lig restrain thetaY rotation at C1-C2

A

Alar

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35
Q

C1-C2 is responsible for over ___ of rotation of neck

A

50%

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36
Q

Intraarticular meniscoids location within C1-C2 articulation

A

A and P

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37
Q

Intraarticular meniscoids function

A

Keep film of synovial fluid applied to those surfaces

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38
Q

Intraarticular meniscoids are displaced with

A

Y axis rotation

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39
Q

C1-C2 thetaY rotation is coupled with

A

-Y translation

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40
Q

ThetaZ at C1-C2 is limited by

A

Alar ligs and bony anatomy

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41
Q

Which lig of upper cervical spine serves as main limiter of motion

A

Alar lig

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42
Q

There is only ___ x axis translation at C1-C2

A

Apparent

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43
Q

There is little Z axis translation at C1-C2 because of

A

Tight articulation of C1 ring around dens

44
Q

C1-C2: as head is laterally flexed to one side, ____ articular process takes on greater load

A

Ipsilateral

45
Q

Lateral bend at C1-C2 results in rotation of spinous toward ____

A

Convexity of lateral bend (opposite)

46
Q

At C1-C2, if lateral bend to R, spinous goes

A

L

47
Q

Most cervical flexion/extension occurs at

A

C4/5 and C5/6

13-29 degrees (about 20)

48
Q

Most y axis rotation of cervical spine occurs at

A

C3/4
C4/5
C5/6

About 7 degrees

49
Q

Most Z axis rotation of cervical spine occurs at

A

C2/3
C3/4
C4/5

About 10-11 degrees

50
Q

Lower cervical: lateral bending to one side, spinous rotates

A

Contralateral

51
Q

During flexion/extension of cervical spine, there is associated ____ in sagittal plane

A

Translation

52
Q

+ thetaX is coupled with _____ translation

A

+Z

53
Q
  • thetaX is coupled with _____ translation
A

-Z

54
Q

More translation occurs in

A

Upper Cervical spine

55
Q

Total “normal” translation is approximately

A

3.5mm

56
Q

Lateral bending of cervical spine causes spinouses to move toward

A

Convexity of curve (contralateral)

57
Q

Positive thetaZ is coupled with ____

A
  • thetaY
58
Q
  • thetaZ is coupled with ____
A

+ thetaY

59
Q

____ rotation w/ lateral bending in lower cervicals

A

Less

60
Q

Steepness of arch at C2

A

Flat (more translation)

61
Q

Steepest arches are at

A

C6 and C7

62
Q

The acuity of arc decreases w/ ____

A

Degeneration

63
Q

ALL limits what motion

A

Negative thetaX (extension)

64
Q

PLL limits what movement

A

Positive thetaX (flexion)

65
Q

Ligamentum flavum slows what motion

A

Last few degrees of + thetaX

66
Q

Interspinous lig limits what motion

A

Positive thetaX

67
Q

Ligamentum nuchae limits what motion

A

Positive thetaX

68
Q

Intertransverse lig limits what motion

A

Contralateral lateral flexion (thetaZ)

69
Q

X axis translation of cervicals is reduced because of

A

Uncinates

70
Q

X axis rotation is ____

A

Promoted

71
Q

Uncinate processes also limit

A

Pure lateral flexion

72
Q

Uncinates act as guides to couple

A

Lateral flexion w/ axial rotation

73
Q

Degeneration of uncovertebral joints results in

A

Bony outgrowth (osteophytosis)

74
Q

Osteophytosis may impinge the

A

Vertebral artery

Cervical nerves

75
Q

Cervical IVD have strong ___ annulus and are lacking in ____ and ____

A

Anterior; lateral and posterior

76
Q

Facets of cervical spine are angled ____ degrees between _____ and ____ planes

A

45 degrees; coronal and transverse

77
Q

Inferior facet orientation for C, T, L

A

AIL
AIM
AIL

78
Q

Changes to Z joint w/ age

A

Thin articular cart
Thicken subarticular bone
Osteophytes

79
Q

Osteophyte formation always occurs at

A

Edge of articular cartilage

80
Q

Proprioception in cervical spine

A

IVD
Facet joints
Cervical muscles

81
Q

IVD likely senses peripheral

A

Compression/tension
Deformation
Alignment

82
Q

Facet mechanoreceptors are responsive to ____ of joint motion

A

Extremes

83
Q

Only small # of receptors in cervical facets so they likely ____

A

Responsible for large receptive field

84
Q

Muscle spindles primarily detect

A

Changes in length

85
Q

Muscles in cervical region contain ____ of muscle spindles

A

High density

**especially suboccipital

86
Q

Which suboccipital muscles contains most muscle spindles

A

RCP minor

87
Q

Gate theory

A

Proprioceptive input into dorsal horn modulates nociceptive input to CNS

88
Q

The more open the gates, the more

A

Pain messages— High levels of pain

89
Q

More closed the gates, the fewer

A

Pain messages — person experiences less pain

90
Q

Sensitization is the change in stimulus-response profile so that they respond to

A

Mehanoreceptive afferents as if they were nociceptors

91
Q

Sensitization occurs when

A

CNS becomes facilitated

Hurt may not equal harm

92
Q

Direction of orientation of superior facets in cervical spine

A

Posterior, superior, medial

93
Q

Muscular changes in patients w/ chronic neck pain

A

Atrophy

Fatty infiltration/degen

94
Q

Cervical curve develops when

A

Prior to birth

95
Q

Cervical lordosis aids in

A

Absorbing spinal loads

96
Q

Angle of cervical lordosis should be

A

30-45 degrees

97
Q

Upper cervical curve (occiput-C2) is

A

Kyphotic

98
Q

Lower cervical curve (c2-C7) is

A

Classical lordosis

99
Q

Primary load on cervical spine is

A

Compression

100
Q

Compressive loads ___ during flexion or extension

A

Increase

101
Q

Cervical spine units can withstand at least _____N in compression w/out damage

A

2000

102
Q

The ___ load induces bending and the ___ load minimizes bending moments and shear

A

Vertical load; follower load

103
Q

Follower load remains ___ to spinal curve

A

Tangential

104
Q

Follower load allows cervical spine to

A

Bear larger compressive loads

105
Q

Inc stability that comes from added compression is due to

A

Muscular action

106
Q

The co-activation of muscles produces a ____ load

A

Follower load

NOT vertical load

Biomechanics (15 decks)

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