Exam 3 Lecture 26 Flashcards
What is a schistocyte?
A fragmented part of a red blood cell
What is a Howell-Jolly body and when do they appear?
nuclear remnants in old RBCs, typically occurs when there is no spleen
Name the bacteria that is Gram-negative, long, slender, and grows best in CO2
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
Where was capnocytophaga canimorsus first isolated?
From a patient suffering from a dog bite
C. canimorsus evades the innate surveillance by failing to stimulate _____ and _____
TLR4, TLR5
What does C. canimorsus feed on?
The glycans on the surface of mammalian cells
True or False: C. canimorsus is resistant to complement & PMNs
True
Where is C. canimorsus found?
It is part of the normal gingival flora in several dogs/cats
Which serotypes of C. canimorsus are responsible for causing infection in humans?
Serotypes A and C
Which individuals are most at risk for C. canimorsus? (3)
patients w splenectomy, alcoholism, corticosteroid therapy
What is the treatment for C. canimorsus? (3)
Ampicillin-sulbactam, carbapenems, clindamycin
How can C. canimorsus be prevented?
Administering prophylactic amoxicillin-clavulanate following animal bites
How is C. canimorsus diagnosed?
Culture in routine blood culture systems under 5-10% CO2
C. canimorsus stimlates ___ but fails to stimulate ____ and ___
TLR2, TLR 4 & TLR 5
(Review) What does TLR 2 recognize?
lipoproteins in bacteria
(Review) What does TLR 4 recognize?
LPS
(Review) What does TLR 5 recognize?
flagellin
Where is Pasteurella multocida found?
found in the upper respiratory tract of birds/ w fowl cholera, also found in mammals (ie. cats/dogs)
Describe the Gram-stain of P. multocida
small, gram-neg coccobacillus
What does P. multocida grow on?
Chocolate agar and blood agar
What does P. multocida not grow on?
MacConkey agar
What do P. multocida colonies smell like?
mousey odor
What virulence factors are present in P. multocida?
antiphagocytic capsule, transferrin binding, LPS, adhesins, iron uptake systems, phage-encoded toxin (activates host G-proteins)
Human infections of P. multocida typically follow …….
dog bites or scratches
Which individuals are at risk for P. multicoda?
Patients w/ chronic liver disease, chronic pulmonary disease, prosthetic joints
What are the clinical features of P. multocida?
skin/soft issue infections, osteomyelitis, respiratory tract infections
How is P. multocida diagnosed?
culture
What is the treatment for P. multocida?
Penicillin, cephalosporin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones
Similar to C. canimorsus, P. multocida is prevented by using ….. after animal bites
amoxicillin-clavulanate
In elderly people, there is increasing cases of __________
Pasteurellosis
True or False: Thousands of Saiga antelopes died off in a 3 week period due to Pasteurellosis
True
__________ _________ causes rat bite fever
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Describe the Gram-stain of S. moniliformis
filamentous Gram-neg rod
What is S. moniliformis unable to grow in? Why can’t it?
Routine blood cultures. Because it has an anticoagulant known as SPS
True or False: another form of rat bite fever is present in Asia and is caused by ______ ____
Spirillum minus
True or False: Spirillum minus can be cultured
FALSE
Where is S. moniliformis found?
the normal upper respiratory tract of rats
How is S. moniliformis acquired?
rat bite or can rarely be acquired from infected milk
What symptoms does S. moniliformis cause?
Fever, painful joints, painful rashes, occasionally sepsis, localized metastatic infection or endocarditis
What symptoms does S. minus cause?
ulcer at the site of the rat bite and swelling of regional lymph nodes
How is rat bite fever diagnosed?
Culture in broth w/ 10-20% serum & PCR
What is the treatment for rat bite fever?
Penicillin primarily, tetracyclines can be substituted
How can rat bite fever be prevented?
vermin control, avoidance of unpasteurized milk, avoid close contact w/ rats
Anthrax is primarily a disease of ______
herbivores
Where do anthrax spores persist?
in soil
Humans can be infected w/ Anthrax by contact with ……. or ………….
infected animals or contaminated animal products (cashmere wool)
During the entire 20th century, ____ cases of inhalational anthrax occurred
18
The last naturally occurring US case of inhalational anthrax previous to the mail incident was in ____
1976
Anthrax outbreak in Russia is thought to be a result of _______ _______
thawing permafrost
True or False: Climate change is predicted to substantially expand areas of anthrax risk in northern latitudes
True
Anthrax is caused by B. anthracis, which is a large …………….
Gram + rod (tends to form chains)
