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MICROM 442 > Exam 3 Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Most Vibrio species do not cause human infection.

A

True

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2
Q

Describe the Gram Stain of Vibrio

A

Gram-negative rods (comma, curved, or straight)

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3
Q

Vibrio species are ____ and have a _____ polar flagellum.

A

motile, single

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4
Q

Vibrio is a ______, meaning that it can grow in ____ environments. It is typically found in _____ water.

A

halophile, salty, brackish

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5
Q

Vibrio likes to grow in ____ temperatures and also likes high ______.

A

warm, salinity

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6
Q

Vibrio species often feed on ____ found in shellfish.

A

chitin

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7
Q

True or False: cases of Vibrio decrease during the summer.

A

False

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8
Q

How many species of Vibrio are capable of causing human disease?

A

~20

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9
Q

Vibrio cholerae causes ______, while illnesses caused by other diseases is called ______.

A

cholera, vibriosis

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10
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

ingestion of contaminated food or water

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11
Q

If cholera is left untreated, a patient can die from ________ in less than __ hours.

A

dehydrated, 24

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12
Q

We are currently in the ___ cholera pandemic.

A

7th

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13
Q

Who found out that V. cholerae is present in the intestinal contents of victims who died of cholera?

A

Filippo Pacini

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14
Q

Who isolated V. cholerae in culture?

A

Koch

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15
Q

True or False: Humans are the only known vertebrate hosts of V. cholerae, and it depends heavily on humans for growth

A

False - not dependent on humans (can grow in water)

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16
Q

Stools shed from cholera patients have ____ V. cholerae cells/mL

A

10^9

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17
Q

Which V. cholerae serogroups are known to cause widespread epidemics?

A

Serotypes O1 and O139

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18
Q

Serotypes O1 and O139 produce _____ _____.

A

cholera toxin

19
Q

Where does V. cholerae colonize and multiply?

A

Small intestine

20
Q

What are the 2 main virulence factors present in V. cholerae?

A

1) Cholera toxin

2) Toxin coregulated pili (TCP)

21
Q

What is the function of TCP?

A

allows V. cholerae to colonize the small intestine

22
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of Cholera toxin

A

It enters host epithelial cells and increases levels of cAMP, and this causes host cells to release ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) and water is released to compensate

23
Q

Symptoms of cholera commonly appear about __ to __ days after infection.

A

2 to 3

24
Q

What percentage of people develop severe cholera?

A

5-25%

25
Q

In the initial stages, diarrhea contains intestinal contents, but the diarrhea becomes ____ and this becomes known as ____ ____ ____

A

water, rice water stool

26
Q

What’s the infectious dose for cholera?

A

10^8

27
Q

True or False: Depending on your blood group, you may experience different disease severity.

A

True

28
Q

Which blood group is associated with more severe cholera?

A

O group

29
Q

Preexisting V. cholerae immunity is helpful in that patients can be _________ colonized or develop ____ illness

A

asymptomatically, mild

30
Q

Name a host factor that may lead to severe cholera

A

less acidic stomach

31
Q

What is the primary focus of cholera treatment?

A

fluid replacement

32
Q

How many liters of fluid can be lost per day from severe dehydration?

A

20 liters

33
Q

True or False: Without treatment, cholera has a fatality rate of 50%, but with fluid replacement, mortality falls under 1%

A

True

34
Q

Name an example of inadequate cholera treatment

A

not matching ongoing fluid loss w/ fluid replacement

35
Q

What may be causing delayed treatment for cholera?

A

limited cholera treatment centers

36
Q

What is used to monitor the amount of fluid loss from cholera?

A

cholera cot

37
Q

What is included in rehydration fluids?

A

sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarb, glucose

38
Q

Severe dehydration is often treated with __ _____

A

IV fluids

39
Q

________ play a secondary role in cholera treatment

A

antibiotics

40
Q

Antibiotics may play an important role in ……….

A

decreasing cholera transmission

41
Q

True or False: Many cases of Vibrio cholerae are found in the US yearly

A

false - only 7 were reported in 2014

42
Q

Where are cholera cases commonly seen?

A

developing nations that lack access to drinking water + proper sanitation (or after a humanitarian crisis that collapses infrastructure)

43
Q

Cholera is endemic in many areas of …………………

A

Africa, Latin America, South Asia

MICROM 442 (26 decks)

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