Exam 3 Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoonotic infections?

A

Infections that are transmitted between humans and other vertebrate animals

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2
Q

True or False: Infections in other animal hosts are frequently asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic.

A

False.

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3
Q

How can zoonotic infections be transmitted?

A
  1. Cutaneous contact
  2. Arthropod vector
  3. Inhalation
  4. Ingestion
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4
Q

What occupations are at risk for zoonotic infection?

A
  1. Farmers
  2. Hunters/Fishermen
  3. Slaughterhouse workers
  4. Vets/Lab workers
  5. Pet owners
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5
Q

___ of pathogens that infect humans are zoonotic.

A

58%

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6
Q

Zoonotic infections are likely to arise in _______ tropical regions with land-use changes and ____ wildlife biodiversity.

A

forested

high

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7
Q

What is the one health triad?

A

the health of people, animals, and the environment are linked together

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8
Q

Humans went from a _________ society to an ________ society.

A

Hunter-gatherer, agrarian

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9
Q

___ do very well in urban environments, which is become an increasing problem with increased population density.

A

Rats

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10
Q

Modification of the _______ leads to more interactions between the human population and natural population of different environments, thus creating opportunity for ______ to spread and jump the species barrier.

A

Environment modification, pathogens

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11
Q

What are the 3 CDC classifications of biological agents?

A

category A, category B, category C

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12
Q

What is category A defined as?

A
  • easily transmitted from person to person
  • high mortality rate
  • creates public panic/social disruption
  • requires public health action
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13
Q

What is category B defined as?

A
  • moderately easy to disseminate
  • result in moderate morbidity and low mortality
  • require increased diagnostic capacity & surveillance
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14
Q

What is category C defined as?

A
  • available
  • ease of production and dissemination
  • potential for high morbidity and mortality
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15
Q

Yersinia pestis and francisella tularensis fall in category __

A

A

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16
Q

Brucella spp. fall in category __

A

B

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17
Q

The ____ death killed as many as ___ of people in Europe in the middle ages

A

25%

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18
Q

Yersinia pestis is gram _______

A

negative

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19
Q

True or False: Yersinia does not stain well, it stains mostly at the ends and can look like cocci instead of a rod.

20
Q

Name Yersinia virulence factors

A

Yersinia outer proteins (YOP), antiphagocytic capsule, coagulase-fibrinolysin, plasminogen activator

21
Q

_________ facilitates iron acquisition

A

yersiniabactin

22
Q

what is enzootic spread?

A

non-human animals are affected at the expected frequency

23
Q

what is epizootic spread?

A

non-human animals are affected at a higher frequency than expected

24
Q

what is zoonotic spread?

A

spread of a pathogen from animals –> humans

25
What is the treatment for plague?
streptomycin/gentamycin, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones
26
What are ways to prevent plague?
Rodent/vector control, vaccine for high-risk ppl
27
the ____ __ was important during the black death, found in urban settings, they are susceptible to Yersinia, and support high level bacterial growth
black rat
28
the _____ __ has outcompeted the black rat in urban settings, and are usually ______ to the plague. this is thought to be a reason for decreasing cases in Europe.
norway rat
29
Yersinia pestis DNA was found in _____ ___ from 16th c. French plague victims
dental pulp
30
Ancestral Y. pestis strains are not very _____ from modern Y. pestis strains
different
31
True or False: Yersinia pestis evolved from other Yersinia species and had to acquire genes that allowed it to spread from arthropod vectors
True
32
____ & ____ genes are needed for biofilm promotion in flea, causing obstruction of the GI tract, making it continue to feed b/c its belly does not feel full
Hms, Ymt
33
The ability for Yersinia pestis to spread via fleas is more ____ than thought. The plasmid ___ locus is required for growth in fleas, and is missing from ancient Yersinia.
recent | Ymt
34
Yersinia pestis has a type __ secretion system, which allows Y. pestis to secrete _____ to kill host macrophages.
3 | YopK
35
Y. pestis spreads ______ thru a lymph node, whereas __ ___________ contains granulomas.
uniformly | Y. pseudotuberculosis
36
What helps Y. pestis spread in the host?
A plasminogen-activating protease
37
True or False: A single ship, called S.S. Australia is known to have introduced the plague in 1900, and the plague is now stably endemic in part of the US
true
38
As the great gerbil population rises and falls based on ____ _______, so does the plague population.
food availability
39
________ __ has been used increasingly to identify Y. pestis
MALDI-TOF MS
40
_______ disease may be linked to resistance to plague
Chron's
41
_____ mutations enhance resistance to Yersinia infections are associated w/ _____ disease
Chron's
42
What bacteria causes tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
43
Describe the gram stain of francisella tularensis
Gram-neg coccobacillus
44
F. tularensis usually requires ____
cysteine
45
True or false: F. tularensis is able to survive intracellularly and grow in the cytoplasm of macrophages
True
46
F. tularensis has a type ___ secretion system, which is used to inhibit the _______ and ....... ....
6 inflammasome cytokine release