Exam 3 Lecture 25

Question 1

What are zoonotic infections?

Answer 1

Infections that are transmitted between humans and other vertebrate animals

Question 2

True or False: Infections in other animal hosts are frequently asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic.

Answer 2

False.

Question 3

How can zoonotic infections be transmitted?

Answer 3

1. Cutaneous contact
2. Arthropod vector
3. Inhalation
4. Ingestion

Question 4

What occupations are at risk for zoonotic infection?

Answer 4

1. Farmers
2. Hunters/Fishermen
3. Slaughterhouse workers
4. Vets/Lab workers
5. Pet owners

Question 5

___ of pathogens that infect humans are zoonotic.

Answer 5

58%

Question 6

Zoonotic infections are likely to arise in _______ tropical regions with land-use changes and ____ wildlife biodiversity.

Answer 6

forested

high

Question 7

What is the one health triad?

Answer 7

the health of people, animals, and the environment are linked together

Question 8

Humans went from a _________ society to an ________ society.

Answer 8

Hunter-gatherer, agrarian

Question 9

___ do very well in urban environments, which is become an increasing problem with increased population density.

Answer 9

Rats

Question 10

Modification of the _______ leads to more interactions between the human population and natural population of different environments, thus creating opportunity for ______ to spread and jump the species barrier.

Answer 10

Environment modification, pathogens

Question 11

What are the 3 CDC classifications of biological agents?

Answer 11

category A, category B, category C

Question 12

What is category A defined as?

Answer 12

• easily transmitted from person to person
• high mortality rate
• creates public panic/social disruption
• requires public health action

Question 13

What is category B defined as?

Answer 13

• moderately easy to disseminate
• result in moderate morbidity and low mortality
• require increased diagnostic capacity & surveillance

Question 14

What is category C defined as?

Answer 14

• available
• ease of production and dissemination
• potential for high morbidity and mortality

Question 15

Yersinia pestis and francisella tularensis fall in category __

Answer 15

A

Question 16

Brucella spp. fall in category __

Answer 16

B

Question 17

The ____ death killed as many as ___ of people in Europe in the middle ages

Answer 17

25%

Question 18

Yersinia pestis is gram _______

Answer 18

negative

Question 19

True or False: Yersinia does not stain well, it stains mostly at the ends and can look like cocci instead of a rod.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Name Yersinia virulence factors

Answer 20

Yersinia outer proteins (YOP), antiphagocytic capsule, coagulase-fibrinolysin, plasminogen activator

Question 21

_________ facilitates iron acquisition

Answer 21

yersiniabactin

Question 22

what is enzootic spread?

Answer 22

non-human animals are affected at the expected frequency

Question 23

what is epizootic spread?

Answer 23

non-human animals are affected at a higher frequency than expected

Question 24

what is zoonotic spread?

Answer 24

spread of a pathogen from animals –> humans

Question 25

What is the treatment for plague?

Answer 25

streptomycin/gentamycin, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones

Question 26

What are ways to prevent plague?

Answer 26

Rodent/vector control, vaccine for high-risk ppl

Question 27

the ____ __ was important during the black death, found in urban settings, they are susceptible to Yersinia, and support high level bacterial growth

Answer 27

black rat

Question 28

the _____ __ has outcompeted the black rat in urban settings, and are usually ______ to the plague. this is thought to be a reason for decreasing cases in Europe.

Answer 28

norway rat

Question 29

Yersinia pestis DNA was found in _____ ___ from 16th c. French plague victims

Answer 29

dental pulp

Question 30

Ancestral Y. pestis strains are not very _____ from modern Y. pestis strains

Answer 30

different

Question 31

True or False: Yersinia pestis evolved from other Yersinia species and had to acquire genes that allowed it to spread from arthropod vectors

Answer 31

True

Question 32

____ & ____ genes are needed for biofilm promotion in flea, causing obstruction of the GI tract, making it continue to feed b/c its belly does not feel full

Answer 32

Hms, Ymt

Question 33

The ability for Yersinia pestis to spread via fleas is more ____ than thought. The plasmid ___ locus is required for growth in fleas, and is missing from ancient Yersinia.

Answer 33

recent | Ymt

Question 34

Yersinia pestis has a type __ secretion system, which allows Y. pestis to secrete _____ to kill host macrophages.

Answer 34

3 | YopK

Question 35

Y. pestis spreads ______ thru a lymph node, whereas __ ___________ contains granulomas.

Answer 35

uniformly | Y. pseudotuberculosis

Question 36

What helps Y. pestis spread in the host?

Answer 36

A plasminogen-activating protease

Question 37

True or False: A single ship, called S.S. Australia is known to have introduced the plague in 1900, and the plague is now stably endemic in part of the US

Answer 37

true

Question 38

As the great gerbil population rises and falls based on ____ _______, so does the plague population.

Answer 38

food availability

Question 39

________ __ has been used increasingly to identify Y. pestis

Answer 39

MALDI-TOF MS

Question 40

_______ disease may be linked to resistance to plague

Answer 40

Chron's

Question 41

_____ mutations enhance resistance to Yersinia infections are associated w/ _____ disease

Answer 41

Chron's

Question 42

What bacteria causes tularemia?

Answer 42

Francisella tularensis

Question 43

Describe the gram stain of francisella tularensis

Answer 43

Gram-neg coccobacillus

Question 44

F. tularensis usually requires ____

Answer 44

cysteine

Question 45

True or false: F. tularensis is able to survive intracellularly and grow in the cytoplasm of macrophages

Answer 45

True

Question 46

F. tularensis has a type ___ secretion system, which is used to inhibit the _______ and ....... ....

Answer 46

6 inflammasome cytokine release