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MICROM 442 > Exam 3 Lecture 25 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoonotic infections?

A

Infections that are transmitted between humans and other vertebrate animals

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2
Q

True or False: Infections in other animal hosts are frequently asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic.

A

False.

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3
Q

How can zoonotic infections be transmitted?

A
  1. Cutaneous contact
  2. Arthropod vector
  3. Inhalation
  4. Ingestion
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4
Q

What occupations are at risk for zoonotic infection?

A
  1. Farmers
  2. Hunters/Fishermen
  3. Slaughterhouse workers
  4. Vets/Lab workers
  5. Pet owners
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5
Q

___ of pathogens that infect humans are zoonotic.

A

58%

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6
Q

Zoonotic infections are likely to arise in _______ tropical regions with land-use changes and ____ wildlife biodiversity.

A

forested

high

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7
Q

What is the one health triad?

A

the health of people, animals, and the environment are linked together

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8
Q

Humans went from a _________ society to an ________ society.

A

Hunter-gatherer, agrarian

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9
Q

___ do very well in urban environments, which is become an increasing problem with increased population density.

A

Rats

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10
Q

Modification of the _______ leads to more interactions between the human population and natural population of different environments, thus creating opportunity for ______ to spread and jump the species barrier.

A

Environment modification, pathogens

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11
Q

What are the 3 CDC classifications of biological agents?

A

category A, category B, category C

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12
Q

What is category A defined as?

A
  • easily transmitted from person to person
  • high mortality rate
  • creates public panic/social disruption
  • requires public health action
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13
Q

What is category B defined as?

A
  • moderately easy to disseminate
  • result in moderate morbidity and low mortality
  • require increased diagnostic capacity & surveillance
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14
Q

What is category C defined as?

A
  • available
  • ease of production and dissemination
  • potential for high morbidity and mortality
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15
Q

Yersinia pestis and francisella tularensis fall in category __

A

A

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16
Q

Brucella spp. fall in category __

A

B

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17
Q

The ____ death killed as many as ___ of people in Europe in the middle ages

A

25%

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18
Q

Yersinia pestis is gram _______

A

negative

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19
Q

True or False: Yersinia does not stain well, it stains mostly at the ends and can look like cocci instead of a rod.

A

True

20
Q

Name Yersinia virulence factors

A

Yersinia outer proteins (YOP), antiphagocytic capsule, coagulase-fibrinolysin, plasminogen activator

21
Q

_________ facilitates iron acquisition

A

yersiniabactin

22
Q

what is enzootic spread?

A

non-human animals are affected at the expected frequency

23
Q

what is epizootic spread?

A

non-human animals are affected at a higher frequency than expected

24
Q

what is zoonotic spread?

A

spread of a pathogen from animals –> humans

25
Q

What is the treatment for plague?

A

streptomycin/gentamycin, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones

26
Q

What are ways to prevent plague?

A

Rodent/vector control, vaccine for high-risk ppl

27
Q

the ____ __ was important during the black death, found in urban settings, they are susceptible to Yersinia, and support high level bacterial growth

A

black rat

28
Q

the _____ __ has outcompeted the black rat in urban settings, and are usually ______ to the plague. this is thought to be a reason for decreasing cases in Europe.

A

norway rat

29
Q

Yersinia pestis DNA was found in _____ ___ from 16th c. French plague victims

A

dental pulp

30
Q

Ancestral Y. pestis strains are not very _____ from modern Y. pestis strains

A

different

31
Q

True or False: Yersinia pestis evolved from other Yersinia species and had to acquire genes that allowed it to spread from arthropod vectors

A

True

32
Q

____ & ____ genes are needed for biofilm promotion in flea, causing obstruction of the GI tract, making it continue to feed b/c its belly does not feel full

A

Hms, Ymt

33
Q

The ability for Yersinia pestis to spread via fleas is more ____ than thought. The plasmid ___ locus is required for growth in fleas, and is missing from ancient Yersinia.

A

recent

Ymt

34
Q

Yersinia pestis has a type __ secretion system, which allows Y. pestis to secrete _____ to kill host macrophages.

A

3

YopK

35
Q

Y. pestis spreads ______ thru a lymph node, whereas __ ___________ contains granulomas.

A

uniformly

Y. pseudotuberculosis

36
Q

What helps Y. pestis spread in the host?

A

A plasminogen-activating protease

37
Q

True or False: A single ship, called S.S. Australia is known to have introduced the plague in 1900, and the plague is now stably endemic in part of the US

A

true

38
Q

As the great gerbil population rises and falls based on ____ _______, so does the plague population.

A

food availability

39
Q

________ __ has been used increasingly to identify Y. pestis

A

MALDI-TOF MS

40
Q

_______ disease may be linked to resistance to plague

A

Chron’s

41
Q

_____ mutations enhance resistance to Yersinia infections are associated w/ _____ disease

A

Chron’s

42
Q

What bacteria causes tularemia?

A

Francisella tularensis

43
Q

Describe the gram stain of francisella tularensis

A

Gram-neg coccobacillus

44
Q

F. tularensis usually requires ____

A

cysteine

45
Q

True or false: F. tularensis is able to survive intracellularly and grow in the cytoplasm of macrophages

A

True

46
Q

F. tularensis has a type ___ secretion system, which is used to inhibit the _______ and ……. ….

A

6
inflammasome
cytokine release

MICROM 442 (26 decks)

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