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MICROM 442 > Exam 2 Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Chlamydia and Rickettsia are genetically similar

A

False.

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2
Q

The genomes most similar to rickettsia are those encoded by ______.

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Rickettsia are members of the ____-_________. They are able to produce their own ______.

A

alpha-proteobacteria

ATP

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4
Q

Both chlamydia and rickettsia are ______ _______ bacteria, meaning they need a _______ ____ cell and thus cannot be grown on a plate or liquid culture.

A

obligate intracellular

eukaryotic host

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5
Q

How many genera and species in the Chlamydiaceae family are pathogenic?

A

2 genera, 3 species

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6
Q

Name 3 bacteria under the Chlamydiaceae family

A
  1. Chlamydia trachomatis
  2. Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  3. Chlamydophila psittaci
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7
Q

What infections does Chlamydia trachomatis cause?

A

Ocular infections, urogenital infections

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8
Q

What infections does Chlamydophila pneumoniae cause?

A

Respiratory tract infections

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9
Q

What infections does Chlamydophila psittaci cause?

A

Respiratory tract and systemic infections

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10
Q

What does EB stand for? What does RB stand for?

A

Elementary body

Reticulate body

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11
Q

Name characteristics of the elementary body (5)

A
  1. infectious
  2. extracellular spore-like form
  3. metabolically inert
  4. non-replicating
  5. stabilized by disulfide crosslinking of outer membrane proteins
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12
Q

Name characteristics of the RB (4)

A
  1. non-infectious form
  2. intracellular replicating form (divide inside inclusion)
  3. osmotically unstable, can’t survive extracellularly
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13
Q

Describe the life cycle of Chlamydia

A
  1. EB binds to a host epithelial cell
  2. EB induces its own uptake into the cell and resides inside a membrane bound vacuole (inclusion)
  3. About 8 hours after, the EB differentiates into the RB form
  4. About 8-18 hours after, RB modifies the inclusion and brings nutrients inside the inclusion so it can replicate
  5. About 18-24 hours later, the inclusion has grown a lot larger and there’s a mix of Eb and Rb (b/c a signal led to differentiation of Rb back into Eb)
  6. The cell lyses or forms an extrusion after 48-72 hours. (Rbs do not survive, but Ebs go on to infect new host cells)
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14
Q

Describe the genome size of chlamydia

A

Small (936 genes)

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15
Q

Why does chlamydia have a small genome?

A

It has evolved to get a ton of nutrients (amino acids, lipids, nucleotides) from the host cells, so it does not require many biosynthetic pathways

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16
Q

Since chlamydia relies so heavily on the host for nutrients (Amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, etc), most of its genes focus on ……….

A

interacting and attaching to host cells

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17
Q

What do both EBs and RBs express?

A

type III secretion systems (T3SS)

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18
Q

More than 5% of the entire genome of Chlamydia encodes for ……..

A

type 3 secreted effectors

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19
Q

Because Chlamydia infects epithelial cells, it needs to induce its own uptake. When the EBs bind to a host cell using ____, it will inject a protein known as _____

A

T3SS

Tarp

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20
Q

Tarp is pre-formed by ___, and induces _____ _________ as well as ________ of the ___

A

RB
actin polymerization
phagocytosis
EB

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21
Q

What do RBs secrete?

A
  1. Inc proteins
  2. CPAF proteases
  3. Anti-apoptotic factors
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22
Q

Name the function of Inc proteins

A
  • modify the inclusion by the following:
    1. chlamydia inserts a SNARE like protein in the inclusion (normally the lysosome interacts w/ the phagosome thru their SNARE proteins). thus, this disables fusion w/ the lysosome
    2. the inclusion needs to grow, so it adds membrane by fusing with Golgi vesicles
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23
Q

Name the function of CPAF protease

A

It degrades TARP. This makes sense because TARP is used to help EBs become phagocytosed. If TARP stays present on host cells, superinfection can occur.

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24
Q

Name the function of Anti-apoptotic factors

A

Keeps the host cell alive while RBs are maturing into EBs

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25
Q

C. trachomatis infects mucosal epithelial cells, but what areas of the body specifically?

A
  • conjunctiva
  • respiratory
  • GI tract
  • urogenital tracts
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26
Q

True or False: When Chlamydia is taken up by macrophages, most serovars cannot replicate or survive.

A

True

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27
Q

Infection of C. trachomatis is mostly controlled by the _____-__, which is produced by _ cells.

A

interferon-gamma

T cells

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28
Q

True or False: Secretory antibodies (IgA) are produced and are associated with disease resolution

A

False

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29
Q

Unfortunately, the immune response set out by T cells leads to a low level chronic inflammatory response. What does this commonly lead to?

A

Scar tissue formation

also necrosis, epithelial cell proliferation

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30
Q

True or False: Serovars are based on polymorphic outer membrane proteins

A

True

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31
Q

What serovars are associated w/ Trachoma (eye infection)?

A

A, B, Ba, C

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32
Q

What serovars are associated w/ LGV?

A

L1, L2, L3

33
Q

Serovars D-K are associated with …..? (3)

A
  1. Urethritis/cervicitis
  2. Perinatal infections
  3. Inclusion Conjunctivitis
34
Q

Why are serovars A-K localized while LGV serovars are systemic?

A

It has to do with differential release of infectious EBs from epithelial cells

35
Q

In serovars A-K, bacteria (EBs) are released to the ______ side of the epithelial cells

A

apical

36
Q

In LGV serovars, bacteria (EBs) are released to ______ side of epithelial cells

A

basolateral

37
Q

True or False: LGV serovars of Chlamydia can survive and replicate in macrophages

A

True :’(

38
Q

True or False: Chlamydia is the most common STI in the world

A

True

39
Q

What is the age group most severely affected by Chlamydia?

A

ages 15-24

40
Q

In men, what is urethritis is characterized by:

A

-dysuria with discharge (less discharge than gonorrhea)

41
Q

What is a common complication of urethritis?

A

Epididymitis

42
Q

Similar to men, women also gets _____

A

Dysuria

43
Q

True or False: With chlamydia trachomatis, there is an absence of white blood cells in the urine

A

True

44
Q

Women can get cervicitis from C. trachomatis, where most women are _____

A

asymptomatic (this often leads to more scar tissue formation)

45
Q

C. trrachomatis can also lead to PID, including:

A
  1. endometriosis
  2. salpingitis
  3. peritonitis
46
Q

Persistant/repeated infections of C. trachomatis can lead to ???

A
  1. Ectopic pregnancies
  2. Tubal infertility
  3. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome
47
Q

Symptoms of PID are usually asymptomatic, but about ____-____% of women have symptomatic PID

A

10-15%

48
Q

Neonatal infections commonly lead to … but can also lead ….

A 
inclusion conjunctivitis (30% of infants from infected mothers w/ genital serovars)
-or pneumonia (15% of infants from infected moms)
49
Q

Chlamydia can be diagnosed via two techniques. What are they?

A
  1. Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAAT)

2. Screening

50
Q

How is LGV acquired?

A

Sexual contact

51
Q

LGV is capable of regional and ______ dissemination

A

systemic

52
Q

What are the 3 stages of LGV?

A
  1. Primary stage: small ulcer on genital mucosa
  2. Inguinal lymphadenopathy, fever, headache..can lead to scarring
  3. Procto-colitis (inflammation of the rectum/colon), swelling of genitals
53
Q

Ocular serovars (A-C) can lead to chronic follicular conjunctivitis, which can eventually lead to _____ and that results in loss of vision

A

trichiasis

54
Q

Highest prevalence of C. trachomatis is in _________ ____ and _______ ____

A

Sub-saharan Africa

Southeast Asia

55
Q

True or False: Chlamydophila pneumoniae can spread from respiratory droplets

A

True

56
Q

T or F: C. pneumoniae is distinguishable from other cases of pneumonia

A

False

57
Q

C. pneumoniae infects and multiplies in a variety of cells, including _____

A

Macrophages

58
Q

Interestingly, C. pneumoniae is associated with _________

A

atherosclerosis

59
Q

Why can C. pneumoniae exacerbate inflammation in plaque?

A

Because macrophages w/ C. pneuomoniae go to sites of infection like atherosclerotic plaques on blood vessels. Since the macrophages are infected, they increase inflammation in the plaques, thus worsening them

60
Q

C. psittaci is usually acquired from ____ via inhalation

A

birds

61
Q

C. psittaci has a ___% mortality rate when untreated

A

20%

62
Q

The antibiotic ______ is used for treating all types of Chlamydia

A

Doxycycline

63
Q

For neonates, doxycycline is too strong, so it is recommended to give drops of _______ in the eyes

A

erythromycin

64
Q

Rickettsia is a ____-______ bacteria that is also an obligate intracellular bacteria

A

gram negative

65
Q

How is rickettsia transmitted?

A

Arthropods

66
Q

What are typical symptoms of Rickettsia?

A

Fever, rash, headache

67
Q

T or F: Rickettsia Rickettsi is transmitted by ticks, and it usually infects dogs and mice, but it can accidentally infect humans

A

True

68
Q

Rickettsia rickettsi is able to enter the circulation via the bite, and attach to ____ epithelial cells

A

vascular

69
Q

Unlike chlamydia, rickettsia is capable of independent ______ despite having a ????

A

metabolism

small genome

70
Q

Rickettsia rickettsi can spread from cell-to-cell using ____-based motility, which leads to host cell injury and _____ blood flow due to formation of “holes” in blood vessels

A

actin

increased

71
Q

Rickettsia rickettsi has a characteristic ________ ____

A

maculopapular rash

72
Q

If untreated, rickettsia rickettsi has a ____ mortality rate, b/c it can affect organ systems

A

30%

73
Q

How can rickettsia rickettsi be prevented/treated?

A

removal of ticks

doxycycline (even in children)

74
Q

R. prowazekii and R. felis are transmitted by human ____ ____

A

body lice

75
Q

For R. felis, ____ fleas are the most common vector in the US but dogs are probably the primary reservoir

A

Cats

76
Q

T or F: Ehrlichiosis is caused by either anaplasma phagocytophilum or ehrlichia chaffeensis

A

True

77
Q

Anaplasma infects ____, while ehrlicia infects ____

A

neutrophils

monocytes

78
Q

Therapy for ehrlichiosis includes ______

A

doxycycline

79
Q

Similar to chlamydia, Ehrlichia species grow within an _____ and are able to replicate in there. IT can also inhibit ______ fusion

A

inclusion

lysosomal

MICROM 442 (26 decks)

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