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MICROM 442 > Exam 2 Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Clinically important Haemophilus species:

A
  1. H. influenzae

2. H. ducreyi

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2
Q

Haemophilus Gram Stain

A

Gram negative, thin, coccobacilli/short rods

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3
Q

Why do we care about H. influenzae diseases?

A

we have a safe vaccine, but there are still hundreds to thousands of cases of severe disease/deaths

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4
Q

True or false: On the evolutionary tree shown in lecture, there are a bunch of “H. flu”s grouped together, so they are evolutionarily very related to one another.

A

True

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5
Q

True or false: H. ducreyi is slightly different than H. flu both clinically and genetically.

A

True

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6
Q

H. flu grows on what media? What do the colonies look like on media?

A

Chocolate agar; flat/convex

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7
Q

Haemophilus spp are ____ ____, so they can grow both aerobically and anaerobically.

A

facultative anaerobes

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8
Q

Both H. flu and H. ducreyi like to grow with ___ supplementation

A

5% CO2

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9
Q

H. flu likes to grow at __-__ ºC

A

35-37 (right around body temp)

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10
Q

H. ducreyi likes to grow at __-__ ºC

A

33-35

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11
Q

True or false: clinically, we usually are not able to grow H. flu on media, but we can more easily grow H. ducreyi

A

False: clinically we usually cannot grow H. ducreyi

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12
Q

Haemophilus spp are __-___ and do not form ____.

A

non-motile; spores

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13
Q

Haemophilus spp are _____ and require these two factors in order to be cultivated:

A

fastidious; Protoporphyrin IX (X factor) and NAD (V factor)

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14
Q

What does Haemophilus ferment?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

Haemophilus cannot ferment ____. Therefore, it will grow on ____ ___ but won’t turn pink.

A

lactate; MacConkey agar

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16
Q

How can X factor and V factor be acquired?

A

by lysing erythrocytes (thus why H. influenzae is grown on chocolate agar)

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17
Q

Haemophilus spp are ____ and ____-positive.

A

catalase and oxidase

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18
Q

Haemophilus spp can reduce ____ to ____

A

nitrate to nitrite

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19
Q

Which Haemophilus species may grow on blood agar?

A

H. haemolyticus

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20
Q

True or false: H. influenzae must be encapsulated in order to be pathogenic.

A

False. Can be encapsulated (serotypes a through f) or not (NTHI)

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21
Q

Which H. influenzae serotype have we created a vaccine against?

A

Type B (Hib)

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22
Q

H. influenzae Type B _____ capsule is comprised of ___, which is strongly associated with ____.

A

polysaccharide; PRP (polyribitol phosphate); virulence

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of NTHI? (3)

A
  1. non-encapsulated
  2. typically colonizes the nasopharynx
  3. majority of diseases now caused by NTHI
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24
Q

Why is majority of disease now NTHI?

A

Increase in vaccinations against Hib creates a hole in the population, which is filled by NTHI

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25
Q

2 important things to know about Type B capsule

A
  1. leads to immune escape (anti-phagocytic)

2. is a component of the vaccine

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26
Q

Describe the epidemiology of H. influenza incidences before vaccination

A

mainly young children of school age were affected, especially 4 y.o.

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27
Q

What are 2 main severe diseases that can arise from H. influenzae infection?

A
  1. Meningitis (50%)

2. Epiglottits (17%)

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28
Q

What happened to disease incidences once the Hib vaccine was introduced?

A

Drastically changed the epidemiology - as we started to vaccinate, number of incidences drastically reduced to almost 0

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29
Q

What are the consequences of Hib vaccinations? (hint: think about relationship between Hib and NTHI)

A

shift in epidemiology - as Hib decreased, NTHI increased, meaning that more H. flu infections are caused by NTHI compared to before vaccination

30
Q

Once H. influenzae enters the ____, the organism can disseminate into the ear canal and can cause ___ ___ ____.

A

nasopharynx; acute otitis media

31
Q

What are some symptoms of AOM?

A

bulging tympanic membrane, redness, swelling, pus

32
Q

ABM stands for:

A

acute bacterial meningitis

33
Q

H. influenza can also infect the eye, causing _____.

A

conjunctivitis

34
Q

Why is epiglottitis so life threatening?

A

The swelling that results from the infection can be a point of potential constriction in the proximal airway. It can also be difficult to get a breathing tube through.

35
Q

True or false: H. influenzae can also cause lower respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia.

A

True

36
Q

There are __ patient populations of H. flu-induced pneumonia, which include:

A

2;

  1. Kids 4 months - 4 years old
  2. Older adults with bronchociliary dysfunction (can’t clear mucus/bacteria)
37
Q

Besides the Type B capsule, what other virulence factors does H. influenzae have?

A

Adhesins such as Protein E, OMP2, Type IV Pilus

38
Q

Which antibiotics can be used to treat H. influenzae infection?

A

Amoxicillin (aminopenicillin) or Amox-Clavulonate (w/ beta-lactamase inhibitor)

39
Q

True or false: H. influenzae has a lot of antibiotic resistance

A

False: there is some antibiotic resistance, but generally narrow beta-lactamase resistance

40
Q

True or false: If the H. flu infection is serious, we can use IV antibiotics such as vancomycin.

A

False: we can use IV, but use ceftriaxone, cefotax, amp-sulbactam

41
Q

H. aegyptius causes:

A

conjunctivitis

42
Q

H. parainfluenzae causes:

A

AOM, sinusitis (also H. influenzae)

43
Q

H. haemolyticus causes:

A

invasive disease

44
Q

Sequencing distinguishes H. haemolyticus from ______

A

H. influenzae

45
Q

H. ducreyi causes disease that is clinically similar to____

A

syphilis

46
Q

True or false: H. ducreyi is not a prevalent pathogen in the U.S.

A

True (roughly dozen cases/year)

47
Q

How does chancroid present?

A

multiple ulcerated lesions, adenopathy, pain at the site of the ulcerated lesion, gray/yellow exudate

48
Q

Which of these symptoms is a key clue that distinguishes chancroid vs primary syphilis?
A. ulcerated lesion appearance
B. pain
C. neither

A

pain

49
Q

H. ducreyi can __-____ with other STIs and it is treated empirically with ____.

A

co-occur; Beta lactams

50
Q

True or false: once you have been infected with H. ducreyi, you will have life-long immunity.

A

False

51
Q

Bordetella Gram Stain

A

gram negative, coccobacilli/short rods

52
Q

___-___ is a common media used to cultivate Bordetella, and colonies usually show up as:

A

Regan-Lowe; small, shiny/silvery, round, domed

53
Q

When growing Bordetella in ___-___ media, there is slight hemolysis.

A

Bordet-Gengou

54
Q

True or false: Bordetella is is a facultative aerobe.

A

False: strict aerobe

55
Q

True or false: Bordetella is not encapsulated nor forms spores

A

True

56
Q

Bordetella is ____ positive.

A

Oxidase

57
Q

True or false: B. bronchiseptica is motile

A

true

58
Q

B. parapertussis has ___ ____

A

brown pigment

59
Q

True or false: B. bronchiseptica and rare Bordetella spp can grow on MacConkeys

A

True

60
Q

The reservoir of B. pertussis is ___, ____, and __ ____. Do these people usually get whooping cough?

A

adults; adolescents; older children; no, but can get chronic cough

61
Q

Where do we commonly see B. pertussis disease?

A

unimmunized patients, young babies (< 6 months), no immune system

62
Q

Clinical pertussis is characterized by: (4)

A
  1. prolonged cough
  2. distinct whoop
  3. CFU #’s decrease over time
  4. lymphocytosis
63
Q

Those with clinical pertussis are most infectious at:

and most non-infectious at:

A

~ 3 weeks; ~4-5 weeks

64
Q

B. pertussis produces ____ ____, which can stick to ciliated airways, but not ____.

A

filamentous hemagglutin; alveoli

65
Q

Catarrhal phase

A

bacterial load is high; cough may start; infectious but not sure if it’s whooping cough at this stage

66
Q

Intensity of whooping cough peaks at around:

A

2-3 weeks

67
Q

B. pertussis produces toxins such as:

A
  1. Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
  2. Pertussis toxin
  3. Tracheal cytotoxin
68
Q

Important virulence/adherence factors for B. pertussis

A

FHA, Toxins, Fimbriae

69
Q

FHA structure/function

A

big, long structure that allows relatively close contact with epithelium

70
Q

Pertussis toxin contains __ and __ subunit, similar to DT toxin. Intake of Pertussis toxin leads to:

A

A; B; shuts down immune cell response

71
Q

Adenylate cyclase toxin function

A

impairs macrophage function by suppressing nitric oxide production

72
Q

Pertussis treatment

A

Macrolides (erythromycin for babies); intubation/ventilation for respiratory distress

MICROM 442 (26 decks)

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