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MICROM 442 > Exam 2 Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp are relatively easy to grow/culture

A

False: they are fastidious

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2
Q

M. pneumoniae primarily causes what type of infections?

A

Middle/lower respiratory tract infections

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3
Q

Which Mycoplasma species cause GU infections?

A

M. hominis & M. genitalium

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4
Q

True or false: M. hominis & M. genitalium are primarily GU organisms, but they can disseminate to the lungs.

A

True

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5
Q

Ureaplasma are similar to M. hominis and M. genitalium in that they typically cause:

A

GU infections

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6
Q

Describe Mycoplasma ultrastructure

A

not a typical appearance for a bacterial cell wall: 3 layers, no peptidoglycan (no cell wall)

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7
Q

Since Mollicutes do not have a cell wall, what does this imply about Tx?

A

we can’t use cell wall antibiotics (vancomycin, beta lactams) because they don’t have peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Size/shape of M. pneumoniae

A

Tapered rods, 1-2 x 0.2 microns (tiny)

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9
Q

Size/shape of M. hominis

A

Coccoid, 0.2-0.3 microns (smaller than M. pneumoniae)

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10
Q

Size/shape of Ureaplasma spp

A

Coccoid, 0.2-0.3 microns (same as M. hominis)

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11
Q

What does a small genome imply for the Mollicutes?

A

less flexibility for LOF mutations since they have lost their own metabolism pathway genes; depend on host cell for growth/replication

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12
Q

When Mollicutes are grown on medium, what do we see?

A

Colonies aren’t immediately visible, very small, fried-egg appearance

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13
Q

How long does it take to grow M. pneumoniae in lab?

A

several weeks

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14
Q

How long does it take to grow M. hominis & Ureaplasma in lab?

A

2-4 days

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15
Q

True or false: culture is the best/primary method to detect Mollicutes

A

false: takes a long time + risk of false negatives

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16
Q

M. pneumoniae typically causes diseases such as?

A

bronchitis (tracheobronchitis); pneumonia (CAP)

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17
Q

What is the age group that is most at risk for M. pneumoniae infections?

A

5-17 y.o. (school age kids + adolescents)

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18
Q

There are typically _____ cases/year of pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae

A

~ 100,000

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19
Q

True or false: M. pneumoniae infections are becoming increasingly nosocomial acquired

A

False: more community acquired

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20
Q

____ infections can occur with M. pneumoniae

A

Recurrent

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21
Q

What are some extrapulmonary infections of M. pneumoniae?

A

encephalitis, dermatitis, SJS

22
Q

Encephalitis is typically ____-acquired and occurs in __. Symptoms include:

A

hospital; kids; acute psychiatric symptoms, rarely stroke

23
Q

If extrapulmonary, M. pneumoniae commonly causes ____ and ____ ____

A

SJS (dermatidites); cold agglutinin

24
Q

What is SJS?

A

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; auto-immune mediated necrolisis of skin involving mucous membranes + epidermis

25
Q

M. pneumoniae adhesin is called __ ____, and is important for ____ ____

A

P1 adhesin; glidiing motility

26
Q

M. pneumoniae produces ___ ___, which is another bipartite toxin

A

CARDS toxin

27
Q

Other Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma diseases include: (lots)

A
  1. upper urinary tract infections
  2. non-gonococcal urethritis
  3. cervicitis, salpingitis, endometritis, PID
  4. post-partum fever
  5. congenital/neonatal infections
  6. septic arthritis
  7. bacteremia
  8. meningitis, osteomyelitis, wound infx
28
Q

Ureaplasma virulence factors

A
  1. IgA protease
  2. Urease
  3. multiple adhesins (poorly characterized)
  4. MB (major antigen from host perspective)
29
Q

Lab detection (2)

A
  • we rely on molecular methods since Cx is tough *
    1. PCR (good but not great, 40% sensitivity in early infx)
    2. Serology for M. pneumoniae (4-fold change in titer is significant)
30
Q

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Treatment

A
  • emperic antibiotics for outpatient PNA

- usually azithromycin, levo/moxifloxacin, oral tetracycline

31
Q

Is there a vaccine available for Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma?

A

no

32
Q

True or false: for M. hominis infection, usually we use doxycycline to prevent abx increased resistance

A

true

33
Q

Legionella characteristics

A
  • fastidious
  • bacillus
  • gram-negative but poor staining
34
Q

L. pneumophila is transmitted via ___

A

water supply (environmental transmission)

35
Q

L. pneumophila life cycle

A
  1. often lives in amoeba bc it’s a facultative parasite

2. multi-organism biofilm growth in water supplies

36
Q

How does L. pneumophila cause disease in humans?

A

transmitted through aerosolized water, inhalation, then invades phagocytes

37
Q

Legionella are ___ to grow than Mollicutes, but needs ____-____ agar.

A

easier; charcoal-containing

38
Q

Describe L. pneumophila gram stain

A

gram negative, filamentous bacilli (but coccobacillary in humans)

39
Q

what do L. pneumophila colonies look like when cultured

A

grey-white, round/convex

40
Q

Legionella are ____ ____, ____, and ____.

A

obligate aerobes; fastidious; asacharolytic (in vitro)

41
Q

Asacharolytic

A

do not derive energy from sugars, instead they catabolize amino acids

42
Q

All Legionella spp require ____

A

L-cysteine

43
Q

____ is important for Legionella pathogenesis

A

iron acquisition system or siderophore

44
Q

For Legionella cultivation, use ___ ___ ___ ___

A

Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYEalpha)

45
Q

What environmental conditions are best for Legionella growth

A
  1. 35-37ºC
  2. pH 6.7-6.9 (generally lower pH)
  3. also salt sensitive
46
Q

Legionella Lab detection

A
  1. Urine antigen testing for L. pneumophila serogroup 1 ONLY (!!)
  2. PCR 16S rDNA (helpful for dif serogroup)
  3. report to public health labs
47
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease usually caused by ___ ___

A

serogroup 1

48
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease characterizations

A
  1. bacterial pneumonia acquired from aerosolized water
  2. 18k cases/year in US
  3. systemic symptoms like headache, muscle ache, loss of appetite, fever
49
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease treatment

A

erythromycin, tetracycline, other drugs higher CFR

50
Q

Besides Legionnaire’s Disease , L. pneumophila can also cause ___ ___

A

pontiac fever

51
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease is ___ attack rate, ___ mortality

A

low, high

52
Q

Pontiac fever characterizations

A
  1. upper respiratory infection, not pneumonia
  2. high attack rate, non fatal
  3. symptoms within 4-60 hrs exposure
  4. cough, fever, loss of appetite, aches, belly pain, increased HR
  5. more so inflammatory response than actual infection

MICROM 442 (26 decks)

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