Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICROM 442 > Exam 2 Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Gram Stain of Spirochetes

A

Gram negative, cork-screwed bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 2 families in the spirochetes that are free living and non-pathogenic

A

Spirochaeta, Cristispira

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the spirochete family responsible for causing syphilis and periodontal disease

A

Treponema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do Spirochaeta live?

A

Hot springs, marshes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do Cristispira live?

A

Inside mollusks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the spirochete family responsible for causing relapsing fever

A

Borrelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the spirochete family responsible for causing Lyme disease

A

Borreliella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the spirochete family that is free-living but CAN be pathogenic

A

Leptospira

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the spirochete family responsible for causing dysentery (bloody diarrhea) in pigs, chicken, and sometimes humans

A

Brachyspira

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which spirochete has hooked ends?

A

Leptospira

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is special about the flagella of spirochetes?

A

It’s under the outer membrane inside the periplasmic space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Of the spirochetes we learned about, which one has the largest genome size?

A

Leptospira (L. interrogans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Although most bacteria have a circular chromosome structure, ……. and ….. have linear chromosomes.

A

B. hermsii, B. burgdorferi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many circular chromosomes does Leptospira have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

While B. hermsii and B. burgdorferi have a linear and circular plasmid, no plasmid has been detected in ….. and …..

A

Leptospirosis (L interrogans), T. pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or False: The spirochetes we learned about all have high genetic variability

A

FALSE - T. pallidum has very low genetic variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The molecular % of G and C content is highest in which spirochete?

A

T. pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which spirochete is difficult to grow in vitro culture?

A

T. pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Two species of spirochetes can cause relapsing fever, what are they?

A

B. hermsii (tick-borne) and B. recurrentis (louse-borne)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or False: B. hermsii is tick-borne

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the transmission of B. hermsii in ticks

A

It invades the tissue of ticks and infects their ovaries, so the offspring are also infected w/ B. hermsii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lab studies have determined that over __ generations of ticks are born with B. hermsii due to transovarial transmission.

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or False: In contrast to B. burgdorferi, which requires a long feeding time for infection to occur, B. hermsii requires a short feeding time

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the reservoir for ticks that can cause relapsing fever?

A

Squirrels, other rodents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the reservoir for lice that can cause relapsing fever?

A

Humans (no known animal reservoir)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False: Louse-borne infections by. B. recurrentis can be spread from human to human.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or False: B. recurrentis does not invade louse tissue

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the incubation time for relapsing fever?

A

7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Name the symptoms of relapsing fever (3)

A
  1. fever
  2. headache
  3. pain (muscles, joints, bones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Spikes of fever in relapsing fever is associated with ….

A

High concentration of spirochetes in the blood (10^7 - 10^8 bacteria/mL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the cause behind recurrent fevers?

A

A new serovar overgrows when the first one is overcome by the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Antibodies are made against ____ ______ _____.

A

variable membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

New variants of B. recurrentis or B. hermsii appear in the population at a frequency of …..-…… cell per generation

A

10^-3 to 10^-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

True or False: New variants have a selective advantage as antibodies appear to earlier variants

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Variation of variable membrane proteins (VMPs) is a classic example of _____ _______.

A

antigenic variation

36
Q

VMPs are placed into 2 categories. What are they?

A

VSPs and VLPs

variable short proteins) and (variable long proteins

37
Q

VLP and VSP genes are found on a ______ plasmid in a ____ state, where sequences can be recombined into an ______ site on another plasmid.

A

linear
silent
expression

38
Q

True or False: Borrelia are normally not invasive to humans and can be cleared out within weeks

A

FALSE: borrelia are very invasive to humans and can infect tissues, organ systems (including CNS)

39
Q

A particular ___ allele has been associated with CNS localization.

A

vsp

40
Q

How is relapsing fever diagnosed?

A

Clinical features, PCR, blood films taken during fever

41
Q

What is the antibiotic treatment for relapsing fever?

A

Penicillin & Tetracyclines

42
Q

__ ________ is the main pathogen that causes Lyme Disease in the United States

A

B. burgdorferi

43
Q

What is the main reservoir for B. burgdorferi?

A

Mice, birds, deer

44
Q

True or False: Infection by B. burgdorferi from a tick bite is usually accidental

A

True

45
Q

Ixodes scapularis is the main vector of Lyme Disease in North Americans, which developmental form of it the one that bites and infects animals/humans?

A

Nymph

46
Q

True or False: The % of ticks infected with B. burgdorferi is constant throughout the US

A

False - NY, Minnesota, and Wisconsin have more infected ticks

47
Q

Typically, a nymphal tick needs to be feeding on a mammal for at least __ hours for Lyme disease to occur

A

24

48
Q

What is special about tick saliva that allows it to feed for a long period of time?

A

It contains factors that stop the host’s blood from clotting

49
Q

In order for a tick to infect its host, it needs to have _____. ____ is not enough for infection to occur.

A

OspC

OspA

50
Q

What is the first stage of Lyme disease?

A

ECM (target like lesion forms)

51
Q

What is the second stage of Lyme disease?

A

Neurologic and cardiac abnormalities; headache, stiff neck, conjunctivitis, myalgia

52
Q

What is the third stage of Lyme disease?

A

Arthritis

53
Q

How is Lyme disease diagnosed?

A

Evidence of ECM, biopsy, PCR

54
Q

True or False: Serologic tests are unreliable and can lead to misdiagnosis of Lyme disease

A

True

55
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat Lyme disease?

A

Tetracyclines, Penicillin, Ceftriaxone

56
Q

True or False: B. burgdorferi has been found in tissue despite antibiotic treatment

A

True

57
Q

Name the organism responsible for syphilis

A

T. pallidum

58
Q

True or False: Syphilis needs high amounts of O2 for survival

A

False, it’s a microaerophilic

59
Q

T. pallidum relies heavily on host cells for its own ______. It does not synthesize nucleotides, amino acids, or fatty acids. It also does not do ___ or ____ cycle.

A

metabolism
ETC
Kreb’s cycle

60
Q

True or False: Similar to with relapsing fever and Lyme disease, Syphilis can disseminate and pass the blood brain barrier

A

True

61
Q

Name the characteristics of primary Syphilis infection

A

genital ulcer, regional lymphadenopathy

62
Q

Name the characteristics of secondary Syphilis infection

A

rash all over the body (including palms)

63
Q

Name the characteristics of tertiary Syphilis infection

A

gumma, CV syphilis, paralysis, blindness

64
Q

True or False: Syphilis can cross the placenta to cause congenital syphilis

A

True

65
Q

Name the possible consequences of congenital syphilis

A

premature baby, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, illness, latent infection

66
Q

When syphilis is untreated, the primary and secondary lesions are eventually ____, however infection remains ______

A

cleared

systemically

67
Q

Some outer membranes for Syphilis bind ……, ……., …….

A

fibronectin
laminin
fibrinogen

68
Q

What is TprK?

A

A surface-exposed protein expressed by T. pallidum

69
Q

TprK has __ variable regions, but over ___ donor sites

A

7, 50

70
Q

How is syphilis diagnosed?

A

Serologic testing, darkfield microscopy

  • *PCR is not available commercial
  • *No culture available
71
Q

What is the first line antibiotic treatment for syphilis?

A

Penicillin

72
Q

Name 2 alternative antibiotics used for treating syphilis

A

Doxycycline, tetracyclines

73
Q

Syphilis strains have higher levels of resistance against ______

A

Macrolides

74
Q

L. interrogans, which causes Leptospirosis, has ____ serovars

A

300

75
Q

In contrast to other spirochetes discussed, L. interrogans is ________

A

free-living

76
Q

Where is L. interrogans found?

A

in water

77
Q

What is the reservoir of L. interrogans?

A

Wild/domestic animals (raccoons, opossums, skunks)

78
Q

What is the source of L. interrogans in water?

A

It is contaminated by infected urine of animals like mice

79
Q

What age groups are most at risk for Leptospirosis?

A

Teens, young adults

80
Q

The bacterial load can reach up to ____/gram of tissue in the kidneys

A

10^10

81
Q

Although most individuals who get Leptospirosis are asymptomatic or have non severe symptoms, some people can get diseases such as:

A

renal failure
jaundice
aseptic meningitis
pulmonary hemorrhage

82
Q

What is the incubation period of Leptospirosis?

A

7-10 days

83
Q

Leptospirosis is particularly dangerous when in the _____ form

A

icteric

84
Q

How is Leptospirosis diagnosed?

A
  1. PCR
  2. Culture
  3. Serology (ONLY IN LATER INFECTION)
85
Q

Blood, and CSF samples are used in ___ stages of leptospirosis, while _____ samples are used in _____ leptospirosis

A

early
urine
late

86
Q

Name the antibiotic treatment used for Leptospirosis

A

Penicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin

MICROM 442 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions