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MICROM 442 > Exam 1 Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is known for being the father of modern epidemiology?

A

John Snow

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2
Q

What was the pathogen that caused a major outbreak in the 1800s within London?

A

Cholera

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3
Q

How does cholera spread?

A

Through contaminated food or water

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4
Q

What is the miasma theory?

A

Disease is caused by pollution or “bad air”

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5
Q

What did Dr. Snow believe the cause of the cholera outbreak was?

A

Sewage being dumped into the river (no modern toilets/running water in homes)

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6
Q

Epidemiology is driven by ____. It relies on a systematic and unbiased approach to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.

A

Data

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7
Q

What are the 3 factors involved in the epidemiological triad?

A

environment, host, agent

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8
Q

What is the agent?

A

disease producing microorganism

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9
Q

What are important characteristics of an agent?

A
  • virulence, dose, toxicity
  • survival in various environments
  • antibiotic susceptibility
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10
Q

Who is the host?

A

human or animal who can get the disease

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11
Q

What are important characteristics of the host?

A
  • behavior (age, sex, sexual practices, hygiene)
  • host genetics
  • immunological status (Vaccination)
  • disease history
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12
Q

What is the environment?

A

factors that affect the agent or opportunity for exposure

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13
Q

What are important characteristics of the environment?

A
  • place (climate, geology)
  • presence of insects that can act as vectors
  • socioeconomics (crowding, sanitation, healthcare access)
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14
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

environment in which the pathogen usually lives, grows, and multiplies

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15
Q

List 3 reservoirs

A

humans
environment
animals

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16
Q

True or false: the reservoir may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host

A

true

17
Q

True or false: Asymptomatic carriers are more likely to transmit the disease in comparison to symptomatic carriers, who take precautions to reduce transmission

A

True

18
Q

Name 2 examples of a water-borne illness

A

Cholera, legionella

19
Q

Name an example of a soil-borne illness

A

histoplasma

20
Q

Name 3 types of direct contact transmission

A

Vertical (mom to child), horizontal (direct contact, e.g. sex), droplet/airborne spread

21
Q

Name 2 types of indirect transmission

A

Vehicle transmission (water, food), vector transmission (mosquito)

22
Q

What is the R-naught value?

A

reproduction number “how many people can an infected person spread the disease to”

23
Q

name 3 factors that go into calculating R-naught

A
  • infectious period: how long are they contagious?
  • mode of transmission: how contagious is it?
  • contact rate
24
Q

True or False: Airborne infections spread faster than those that require physical contact, and thus have a lower R-naught

A

false - higher R-naught

25
Q

True or False: When a disease infects people for a long period of time, the R-naught value typically increases

A

true

26
Q

how is listeria usually spread?

A

eating contaminated food

27
Q

how can listeria be killed?

A

cooking food properly

28
Q

what is the definition of an outbreak?

A

an outbreak occurs when the observed amount of cases of the disease is higher than you would expect at that particular time/place

29
Q

define incidence

A

number of NEW cases of a disease that develop in a population at a given time

30
Q

define prevalence

A

number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time

31
Q

__________ conditions are conditions that need to be reported to public health

A

notifiable

32
Q

define a pandemic

A

widespread globally

33
Q

define epidemic

A

sudden increase in cases of a disease but limited to a certain population

34
Q

define endemic

A

present in a population at a constant/low level

35
Q

______ is considered a gold standard and is used to generate a DNA fingerprint

A

PGFE

36
Q

True or False: DNA relatedness is not sufficient to establish a link, you need epidemiological connections

A

True

37
Q

What is PulseNet?

A

national & international lab network that connects foodborne illness to detect outbreaks

MICROM 442 (26 decks)

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