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Microbio > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

immunoassay

A

antibody-antigen interaction to detect antibodies or antigens in a patient sample

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2
Q

direct immunoassay

A

presence of a pathogen (antigen) in the sample

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3
Q

indirect immunoassay

A

determine the presence of antibodies in a sample

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4
Q

seroconversion

A

change from having no antibodies (seronegative) against an antigen to producing antibodies (seropositive)

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5
Q

basic of immunoassay

A

looking for the specific binding of antigen to an antibody

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6
Q

antigens

A

what is capable of reacting with an antibody

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7
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies made from one B cell (plasma cells) one epitope recognize

cancer treatments

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8
Q

Polyclonal antibodies

A

antibodies made from cloning many different B cells (plasma cells)

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9
Q

immunoassay labels

A

are used to detect the antigen-antibody interaction (color change, fluorescence)

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10
Q

ELISA enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

A

uses antibody labeled with an enzyme that catalyzes a color change reaction

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11
Q

Fluorescent antibody

A

uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent molecules (used for rabbies)

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12
Q

Agglutination reactions

A

antibodies bind large insoluble antigens and form visible clumps that precipitate out of solution

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13
Q

fluorescence -activated cell sorter

A
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14
Q

Western Blot

A

various proteins that make up an antigen are separated by size before reacting them to an antibody
used to separate and identify proteins

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15
Q

RT-PCR

A

looks at nuclei acid
looks for SARS COV2 Virus RNA
slower and more expensive but sensitive

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16
Q

ELISA

A

antibodies or antigens
uses Ab’s antigens tagged with an enzyme that catalyzes a color change reaction
positive reaction causes a color change

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17
Q

STEPS of an ELISA

A
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18
Q

sandwich ELISA

A

using a known antibody to detect the presence of antigens in the patient’s sample

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19
Q

in doing a sandwich ELISA what are the steps **

A
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20
Q

what else could we test at home for

A

pregnancy test

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21
Q

lateral flow test

A
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22
Q

agglutination

A
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23
Q

anatomy of respiratory system

A

goal is to connect passageways that leads air to the endpoint (aveloi) where gas exchange occurs

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24
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nose and nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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25
Q

lower respiratory system

A

trachea
lungs
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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26
Q

Nasal cavity

A

humidifies and moistens the air to lubricate air
releases nitric oxide (inhibits the growth of viruses)
ciliated mucosal membrane to catch debris

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27
Q

lymphatic tissues

A

tonsils and adenoids are lymphatic tissues

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28
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
which help trap and remove pathogens, dust, debris

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29
Q

mucous membranes coated with

A

mucus made by goblet cells

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30
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

destroy organisms in the lung

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31
Q

respiratory viruses

A

most frequent cause of disease in humans, mainly in children

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32
Q

most upper respiratory infections are of

A

viral etiology

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33
Q

Hundreds of virus involved

A

RNA virus except Adenovirus

34
Q

most are spread via respiratory droplets

A

sneezing coughing fomites

35
Q

infections usually subside without treatment

A

but can impair defeases

36
Q

RNA viruses (fall and winter)

A

rhinovirus, influence A, Human Metapneumovirus, corona virus

37
Q

DNA virus (year round)

A

adenovirus

38
Q

Rhinitis

A

inflammation of the nose (stuffy nose, runny nose) Rhinovirus common cause of the cold

39
Q

Pharyngitis

A

sore throat

40
Q

Laryngitis

A

hoaseness

41
Q

adenovirus

A
42
Q

epligottis

A

verrry dangerous

43
Q

ottitis media

A

inflammation of ear

44
Q

Picornavirusverus

A

very small RNA virus

45
Q

Rhinovirus

A

non-envelopes

46
Q

Pathogenesis of Rhinovirus

A

attatched to receptors on respiratory epithelial cells to infect
the damage leads to cytokines and inflammation

47
Q

adenovirus

A

sore throat and pink eye
non-enveloped, icosahedral dsDNA virus
initially found in human adenoids
as few as 5 virions
similar symptoms as the common cold
resistant to hand sanitizer

48
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

gram-positive cocci in chains
Group A
incubation period 1-3 days
no resistance to beta lactam antibiotics

49
Q

we treat strep throat due to the risk of post strept

A

scarlet fever, strawberry tongue,
rheumatic fever (heart valves are damaged) generalized inflammatory response
carditis inflammation of heart tissue, can damage heart valves leading to heart failure later in life

50
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

gas gangrene/kidney damage

51
Q

stept. pharyngitis

A

virulence factors, lyse WBC and RBC
m protein
steptokinase breaks down clots
hyaluronic cell
pyrogenic toxin; cytokine storm

52
Q

pyrogenic toxin

A

cytokine stor

53
Q

if strep throat is left untreated

A

can cause heart disease

54
Q

Diphtheria

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae gram-positive rods, cytotoxin from lysogenic phage

55
Q

pseudomembrane

A

collection of dead cells in the back of the throat

56
Q

diphtheria deaths

A

with treatments antitoxin and antibiotic 1 in 10 still die

57
Q

left lung is

A

smaller

58
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A

The common respiratory virus that usually causes, mild, cold-like symptoms in adults.
Is an enveloped virus

59
Q

Pathogenesis

A

infection of epithelial cells in nasopharynx

60
Q

Influenza

A

8 segments of single stranded RNA (segmented genome)

61
Q

Influenza types

A

A: most serious,
B: less extensive, less severe
C: minor importance

62
Q

Glycoprotein spikes in influenza virus

A

hemagglutinin antigen and neuraminidase antigen

63
Q

Hemagglutining Antigen

A

attatches to receptor on host epithelial cells, promotes antibody response

64
Q

Neuraminidase antigen

A

helps virions release from the host cell

65
Q

flu season

A

october to may

66
Q

flu season

A

october to may

67
Q

flu peak

A
68
Q

Influenza symptoms

A

sudden onset of symptoms

69
Q

Influenza regions

A

of host cell membrane become embedded with HA and NA

70
Q

within [], mature virions bud from host cell and spread

A

6 hours

71
Q

antigenic drift

A

mutations in the genome that occur each year
leads to new strains and seasonal influence
happens in influenza A and B (which we vaccine against)

72
Q

vaccines target

A

HA and NA segments; updated yearly due to antigenic drift

73
Q

antigenic shift

A

rearrangement of gene segments from different strains of virus

74
Q

antigenic shift

A

rearrangement of gene segments from different strains of the virus
can cause global pandemic
only happens in influenza A
in relation to other animals
less common but more dramatic

75
Q

Zoonosis

A

virus jumps from animal to human
one cell is infected with two viral strains–segmented genome rearrangement
novel virus contains genetic material from two different viral strains

76
Q

antigenic shift amounts

A

4 influenza pandemics
H!N! from eurasian swine flu and different
novel virus
spanish virus

77
Q

influenza vaccine

A

quadrivalent

78
Q

Coronavirus family

A

disease in humans and animals

79
Q

SARS COv 2

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus
RNA virus
translated into a long polypeptide which is digested into protease
enveloped
spike protein is used for entry and attatchment
membrane protein for the shape

80
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammatory disease of lungs
happens when alveoli is filled with pus and fluid

81
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

no cell wall; releases virulence factors

Microbio (12 decks)

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