Exam 3 Flashcards
immunoassay
antibody-antigen interaction to detect antibodies or antigens in a patient sample
direct immunoassay
presence of a pathogen (antigen) in the sample
indirect immunoassay
determine the presence of antibodies in a sample
seroconversion
change from having no antibodies (seronegative) against an antigen to producing antibodies (seropositive)
basic of immunoassay
looking for the specific binding of antigen to an antibody
antigens
what is capable of reacting with an antibody
monoclonal antibodies
antibodies made from one B cell (plasma cells) one epitope recognize
cancer treatments
Polyclonal antibodies
antibodies made from cloning many different B cells (plasma cells)
immunoassay labels
are used to detect the antigen-antibody interaction (color change, fluorescence)
ELISA enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
uses antibody labeled with an enzyme that catalyzes a color change reaction
Fluorescent antibody
uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent molecules (used for rabbies)
Agglutination reactions
antibodies bind large insoluble antigens and form visible clumps that precipitate out of solution
fluorescence -activated cell sorter
Western Blot
various proteins that make up an antigen are separated by size before reacting them to an antibody
used to separate and identify proteins
RT-PCR
looks at nuclei acid
looks for SARS COV2 Virus RNA
slower and more expensive but sensitive
ELISA
antibodies or antigens
uses Ab’s antigens tagged with an enzyme that catalyzes a color change reaction
positive reaction causes a color change
STEPS of an ELISA
sandwich ELISA
using a known antibody to detect the presence of antigens in the patient’s sample
in doing a sandwich ELISA what are the steps **
what else could we test at home for
pregnancy test
lateral flow test
agglutination
anatomy of respiratory system
goal is to connect passageways that leads air to the endpoint (aveloi) where gas exchange occurs
upper respiratory system
nose and nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
lower respiratory system
trachea
lungs
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
Nasal cavity
humidifies and moistens the air to lubricate air
releases nitric oxide (inhibits the growth of viruses)
ciliated mucosal membrane to catch debris
lymphatic tissues
tonsils and adenoids are lymphatic tissues
Mucociliary escalator
in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
which help trap and remove pathogens, dust, debris
mucous membranes coated with
mucus made by goblet cells
alveolar macrophages
destroy organisms in the lung
respiratory viruses
most frequent cause of disease in humans, mainly in children
most upper respiratory infections are of
viral etiology
Hundreds of virus involved
RNA virus except Adenovirus
most are spread via respiratory droplets
sneezing coughing fomites
infections usually subside without treatment
but can impair defeases
RNA viruses (fall and winter)
rhinovirus, influence A, Human Metapneumovirus, corona virus
DNA virus (year round)
adenovirus
Rhinitis
inflammation of the nose (stuffy nose, runny nose) Rhinovirus common cause of the cold
Pharyngitis
sore throat
Laryngitis
hoaseness
adenovirus
epligottis
verrry dangerous
ottitis media
inflammation of ear
Picornavirusverus
very small RNA virus
Rhinovirus
non-envelopes
Pathogenesis of Rhinovirus
attatched to receptors on respiratory epithelial cells to infect
the damage leads to cytokines and inflammation
adenovirus
sore throat and pink eye
non-enveloped, icosahedral dsDNA virus
initially found in human adenoids
as few as 5 virions
similar symptoms as the common cold
resistant to hand sanitizer
Streptococcus pyogenes
gram-positive cocci in chains
Group A
incubation period 1-3 days
no resistance to beta lactam antibiotics
we treat strep throat due to the risk of post strept
scarlet fever, strawberry tongue,
rheumatic fever (heart valves are damaged) generalized inflammatory response
carditis inflammation of heart tissue, can damage heart valves leading to heart failure later in life
glomerulonephritis
gas gangrene/kidney damage
stept. pharyngitis
virulence factors, lyse WBC and RBC
m protein
steptokinase breaks down clots
hyaluronic cell
pyrogenic toxin; cytokine storm
pyrogenic toxin
cytokine stor
if strep throat is left untreated
can cause heart disease
Diphtheria
corynebacterium diphtheriae gram-positive rods, cytotoxin from lysogenic phage
pseudomembrane
collection of dead cells in the back of the throat
diphtheria deaths
with treatments antitoxin and antibiotic 1 in 10 still die
left lung is
smaller
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
The common respiratory virus that usually causes, mild, cold-like symptoms in adults.
Is an enveloped virus
Pathogenesis
infection of epithelial cells in nasopharynx
Influenza
8 segments of single stranded RNA (segmented genome)
Influenza types
A: most serious,
B: less extensive, less severe
C: minor importance
Glycoprotein spikes in influenza virus
hemagglutinin antigen and neuraminidase antigen
Hemagglutining Antigen
attatches to receptor on host epithelial cells, promotes antibody response
Neuraminidase antigen
helps virions release from the host cell
flu season
october to may
flu season
october to may
flu peak
Influenza symptoms
sudden onset of symptoms
Influenza regions
of host cell membrane become embedded with HA and NA
within [], mature virions bud from host cell and spread
6 hours
antigenic drift
mutations in the genome that occur each year
leads to new strains and seasonal influence
happens in influenza A and B (which we vaccine against)
vaccines target
HA and NA segments; updated yearly due to antigenic drift
antigenic shift
rearrangement of gene segments from different strains of virus
antigenic shift
rearrangement of gene segments from different strains of the virus
can cause global pandemic
only happens in influenza A
in relation to other animals
less common but more dramatic
Zoonosis
virus jumps from animal to human
one cell is infected with two viral strains–segmented genome rearrangement
novel virus contains genetic material from two different viral strains
antigenic shift amounts
4 influenza pandemics
H!N! from eurasian swine flu and different
novel virus
spanish virus
influenza vaccine
quadrivalent
Coronavirus family
disease in humans and animals
SARS COv 2
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus
RNA virus
translated into a long polypeptide which is digested into protease
enveloped
spike protein is used for entry and attatchment
membrane protein for the shape
Pneumonia
inflammatory disease of lungs
happens when alveoli is filled with pus and fluid
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
no cell wall; releases virulence factors
