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Microbio > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

immunoassay

A

antibody-antigen interaction to detect antibodies or antigens in a patient sample

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2
Q

direct immunoassay

A

presence of a pathogen (antigen) in the sample

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3
Q

indirect immunoassay

A

determine the presence of antibodies in a sample

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4
Q

seroconversion

A

change from having no antibodies (seronegative) against an antigen to producing antibodies (seropositive)

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5
Q

basic of immunoassay

A

looking for the specific binding of antigen to an antibody

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6
Q

antigens

A

what is capable of reacting with an antibody

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7
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies made from one B cell (plasma cells) one epitope recognize

cancer treatments

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8
Q

Polyclonal antibodies

A

antibodies made from cloning many different B cells (plasma cells)

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9
Q

immunoassay labels

A

are used to detect the antigen-antibody interaction (color change, fluorescence)

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10
Q

ELISA enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

A

uses antibody labeled with an enzyme that catalyzes a color change reaction

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11
Q

Fluorescent antibody

A

uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent molecules (used for rabbies)

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12
Q

Agglutination reactions

A

antibodies bind large insoluble antigens and form visible clumps that precipitate out of solution

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13
Q

fluorescence -activated cell sorter

A
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14
Q

Western Blot

A

various proteins that make up an antigen are separated by size before reacting them to an antibody
used to separate and identify proteins

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15
Q

RT-PCR

A

looks at nuclei acid
looks for SARS COV2 Virus RNA
slower and more expensive but sensitive

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16
Q

ELISA

A

antibodies or antigens
uses Ab’s antigens tagged with an enzyme that catalyzes a color change reaction
positive reaction causes a color change

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17
Q

STEPS of an ELISA

A
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18
Q

sandwich ELISA

A

using a known antibody to detect the presence of antigens in the patient’s sample

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19
Q

in doing a sandwich ELISA what are the steps **

A
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20
Q

what else could we test at home for

A

pregnancy test

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21
Q

lateral flow test

A
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22
Q

agglutination

A
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23
Q

anatomy of respiratory system

A

goal is to connect passageways that leads air to the endpoint (aveloi) where gas exchange occurs

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24
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nose and nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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25
lower respiratory system
trachea lungs bronchi bronchioles alveoli
26
Nasal cavity
humidifies and moistens the air to lubricate air releases nitric oxide (inhibits the growth of viruses) ciliated mucosal membrane to catch debris
27
lymphatic tissues
tonsils and adenoids are lymphatic tissues
28
Mucociliary escalator
in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles which help trap and remove pathogens, dust, debris
29
mucous membranes coated with
mucus made by goblet cells
30
alveolar macrophages
destroy organisms in the lung
31
respiratory viruses
most frequent cause of disease in humans, mainly in children
32
most upper respiratory infections are of
viral etiology
33
Hundreds of virus involved
RNA virus except Adenovirus
34
most are spread via respiratory droplets
sneezing coughing fomites
35
infections usually subside without treatment
but can impair defeases
36
RNA viruses (fall and winter)
rhinovirus, influence A, Human Metapneumovirus, corona virus
37
DNA virus (year round)
adenovirus
38
Rhinitis
inflammation of the nose (stuffy nose, runny nose) Rhinovirus common cause of the cold
39
Pharyngitis
sore throat
40
Laryngitis
hoaseness
41
adenovirus
42
epligottis
verrry dangerous
43
ottitis media
inflammation of ear
44
Picornavirusverus
very small RNA virus
45
Rhinovirus
non-envelopes
46
Pathogenesis of Rhinovirus
attatched to receptors on respiratory epithelial cells to infect the damage leads to cytokines and inflammation
47
adenovirus
sore throat and pink eye non-enveloped, icosahedral dsDNA virus initially found in human adenoids as few as 5 virions similar symptoms as the common cold resistant to hand sanitizer
48
Streptococcus pyogenes
gram-positive cocci in chains Group A incubation period 1-3 days no resistance to beta lactam antibiotics
49
we treat strep throat due to the risk of post strept
scarlet fever, strawberry tongue, rheumatic fever (heart valves are damaged) generalized inflammatory response carditis inflammation of heart tissue, can damage heart valves leading to heart failure later in life
50
glomerulonephritis
gas gangrene/kidney damage
51
stept. pharyngitis
virulence factors, lyse WBC and RBC m protein steptokinase breaks down clots hyaluronic cell pyrogenic toxin; cytokine storm
52
pyrogenic toxin
cytokine stor
53
if strep throat is left untreated
can cause heart disease
54
Diphtheria
corynebacterium diphtheriae gram-positive rods, cytotoxin from lysogenic phage
55
pseudomembrane
collection of dead cells in the back of the throat
56
diphtheria deaths
with treatments antitoxin and antibiotic 1 in 10 still die
57
left lung is
smaller
58
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
The common respiratory virus that usually causes, mild, cold-like symptoms in adults. Is an enveloped virus
59
Pathogenesis
infection of epithelial cells in nasopharynx
60
Influenza
8 segments of single stranded RNA (segmented genome)
61
Influenza types
A: most serious, B: less extensive, less severe C: minor importance
62
Glycoprotein spikes in influenza virus
hemagglutinin antigen and neuraminidase antigen
63
Hemagglutining Antigen
attatches to receptor on host epithelial cells, promotes antibody response
64
Neuraminidase antigen
helps virions release from the host cell
65
flu season
october to may
66
flu season
october to may
67
flu peak
68
Influenza symptoms
sudden onset of symptoms
69
Influenza regions
of host cell membrane become embedded with HA and NA
70
within [], mature virions bud from host cell and spread
6 hours
71
antigenic drift
mutations in the genome that occur each year leads to new strains and seasonal influence happens in influenza A and B (which we vaccine against)
72
vaccines target
HA and NA segments; updated yearly due to antigenic drift
73
antigenic shift
rearrangement of gene segments from different strains of virus
74
antigenic shift
rearrangement of gene segments from different strains of the virus can cause global pandemic only happens in influenza A in relation to other animals less common but more dramatic
75
Zoonosis
virus jumps from animal to human one cell is infected with two viral strains--segmented genome rearrangement novel virus contains genetic material from two different viral strains
76
antigenic shift amounts
4 influenza pandemics H!N! from eurasian swine flu and different novel virus spanish virus
77
influenza vaccine
quadrivalent
78
Coronavirus family
disease in humans and animals
79
SARS COv 2
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus RNA virus translated into a long polypeptide which is digested into protease enveloped spike protein is used for entry and attatchment membrane protein for the shape
80
Pneumonia
inflammatory disease of lungs happens when alveoli is filled with pus and fluid
81
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
no cell wall; releases virulence factors

Microbio (12 decks)

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