Ch 1 Flashcards
Considered father of microbiology
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
Who discovered the smallpox vaccination
Edward Jenner
Who discovered what is now known as the theory of biogenesis life and that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease
Louis Pasteur
Who discovered that bacteria causes tuberculosis and cholera and development of anthrax. Also developed that diseases are caused by certain organs
Robert Koch
Microbials
General term that refers to anything living in the microbial world (microorganisms+acellular infectious agents)
Examples of microorganisms and acellular infectious diseases
M: bacteria, yeast, fungi, and algae
A: viruses, prions, and viroids
Microorganisms
Organisms that are tooo small to be seen by the naked eye. Refers to microbes that are living like bacteria , archaea, and yeast.
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Bacteria
Single celled organisms
Prokaryotic cells
Unique ribosomal DNA
Cell wall contains peptidoglycan
Common in the environment and in our microbiome
.3-2um
Archaea
Single celled organisms
Prokaryotic
Unique ribosomal DNA
NO peptidoglycan
Not as well studied due to living in extreme temperatures (very acidic, high PH)
.3-2 um
Eukarya
Single celled or multicellular
Eukaryotic cell
Contains a nucleus and organelles
Unique ribosomal DNA
NO peptidoglycan
5-50um
Divided into 4 kingdoms:
Protista (algae, protozoa)
Fungi ( fungi, yeast,mold)
Plantae (plants)
Animalia (animals, humans)
Acellular infectious agents (viruses,viroids,prions)
Are not alive
They are NOT considered a cell
They are NOT microorganisms
Importance of microorganisms
Human microbiome
Microorganisms in the environment
Commercial benefits of microorganisms
Microbes as research tools
Microbes and diseases
microbiome
Collective genomes (genes) of microbes living together
Microbiota
Community of microbes themselves
Human microbiome can be changed through
Diet, exercise, medication, and exposure.
Stimulating and teaching our immune system.
Prevent diseases by competing with pathogenic microbes.
Microorganisms in the environment
Nitration fixation and decomposing
Bacteria and algae fix the very needed nitrogen that is important to us and plants but don’t have the tools to use it by ourselves.
For plants, photosynthetic microorganisms produce oxygen.
What is prochlorococcus
A type of Cyanobacteria in the ocean
Commercial use of microorganisms
Yeast
Fermentation; milk (yogurt, cheese) and grains (beer)
For vitamins, antibodies, fuel, biodegradable products
Yeast fermentation
From glucose to bacteria fermentation. Different fermentations include aspergillus (soy sauce), lactobacillus (cheese, yogurt), saccharomyces (beer, wine, alcohol) .
Environment commercial benefits of microorganisms
Biodegradation: degrades PCB, DDT, and other pollutants
Helps clean up oil spills
What is bioremediation
Using microorganisms to hasten decay of products
Microorganisms as research tools
Amazing model organisms
Metabolism and genetics are similar to human
Small size
Rapid growth
Cause major scientific discoveries
Microbes and disease
Most microbes are NOT harmful
Some are pathogens and those causes diseases to humans and/or other organisms
Diseases caused by bacteria that were common but now have a vaccine
Smallpox (eradicated 1980)
Tenatus
Diphtheria
Mumps
Rubella
Hepatitis A and B
Diseases caused by microbes with no vaccine
Common cold
Malaria
HIV
Lyme disease
Novel (new) diseases
COVID 19, SARS and Mers
Severe novel Coronavirus Strains
SARS-CoV: severe acute respiratory system: 2002 (first reported in china)
MERS-CoV: Middle Eastern Respiratory System2012(first reported in Saudi Arabia)
SARS-COV-2:Dec 2019 first reported in china
Present and future challenges
Novel diseases
Pathogens can become resistant to antimicrobial medications
Increased travel and immigration
Changes in population
Chronic diseases may be caused by bacteria
Peptic ulcer caused by what bacteria
Helicobacter pylori
Thermus aquaticus (taq polymerase)
Found in the Yellowstone grand prismatic spring
