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Microbio > Ch 5 > Flashcards

Ch 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Sting mesh like material found only in bacteria interconnected glycan chains form a large sheet
Alternating series of subunits form glycan chains
N acetylmuramic acid NAM
N acetylglucusamine NAG
Tetrapeptide chain string of four amino acids links glycan chains
Gram positive cells have peptide Interbridge between tetra peptide chains

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2
Q

Bacteria growth

A

Increases in number not in cells size
Bacteria grow by dividing via binary fission
Exponential growth

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3
Q

Generation time

A

Time required for a cell to divide/double
Can be thought of as how long it takes to double
Varies for each microorganism

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4
Q

Principles of bacteria

A

Binary fission leads to exponential growth
2^n

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5
Q

Bacteria growth in nature

A

Planktonic: single cells
Biofilms: bacterial communities
Polysaccharide encased communities
Form slime
Adhere to surface

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6
Q

Benefits of biofilms bacteria

A

Share nutrients
Shelter bacteria from harmful factors like our immune system and medications
Cells sense changes each other adjust to surroundings
Synthesize compounds useful for growth
To humans, it can beneficial to us through bioremediation

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7
Q

Bacteria grows as biofilms

A

Is polysaccharide encased communities
Can act as a shelter cells are more protected

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8
Q

Bacteria growth in nature

A

Prokaryotes regularly grow in close association
Many different species
Interactions can be cooperative: can fostered growth of species otherwise unable to survive
Interactions can be competitive:some synthesize toxic compounds to inhibit competitors

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9
Q

Biofilms have important implications

A

70% of human infections are caused by biofilms. Industrial concerns:accumulations in pipes/drains

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10
Q

Biofilms benefits to bacteria

A

Share nutrients via channels
Shelter bacteria from harm (immune systems, antibiotics)

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11
Q

Inoculate

A

Introduce microbes into a medium

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12
Q

Culture

A

Microbes growing in or on medium

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13
Q

Pure culture

A

Microbes from one species/strain

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14
Q

Culture medium

A

Nutrients for microbial growth

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15
Q

Agar

A

Solid form of media
Look for isolated colonies

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16
Q

Broth

A

Liquid form of media
Look for tubidity= cloudiness of the culture

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17
Q

The growth curve

A

Bacteria are inoculated into a medium in lab. You see a bacterial growth curve.
Growth curves can show the growth of bacteria overtime
Growth curve are represented logarithmically

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18
Q

Four main phases of the growth curve

A

Lagged face, log face, stationary face, death face

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19
Q

Lag face

A

Little bacteria, division, as bacteria, adjust to new, medium, high metabolism, or metabolically active cells

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20
Q

Log phase

A

Exponential growth increase in bacteria population high cell division

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21
Q

Stationary phase

A

Rate of bacteria, growth/division equals rate of bacterial death

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22
Q

Death phase

A

High death of bacteria, due to lack of nutrients and toxic by products

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23
Q

Requirements for a microbial growth

A

Prokaryotes inhibit nearly all environment
Some live comfortable in habitats favored by humans

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24
Q

Extremophiles

A

Harsh environment prokaryotes:most are archaea

25
Q

Environmental requirements for microbial growth

A

Temperature PH osmotic, pressure and oxygen

26
Q

Nutritional requirements for microbial growth

A

Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and trace elements

27
Q

Psychrotrophs/pyschrophiles

A

Cold, loving loving optimal temperature equals 10 c
Cause food spoilage in the refrigerator

28
Q

Mesophiles

A

Moderate temperature loving optimal temperature equals 37C

29
Q

Thermophiles

A

Heat loving optimal temperature equals 60 c

30
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

Superheat, loving optimal, temperature 95C

31
Q

PH

A

Most bacteria grow within a pH of 6.5 and 7.5.
Neutrophils ph 6-8
Acidophilus ph<5.5
Alkaliphiles ph>8.5

32
Q

Osmotic pressure water availability

A

Isotonic solution equals no net movement of water particles. The cell membrane is attached to cell wall.
Hypertonic solution equals water particles move out of the cell, the cell membrane, it shrinks and detaches from cell wall
Hypotonic solution water particles move into the cell cell wall, counteracts osmotic pressure to prevent swelling and lysis

33
Q

Hypertonic environment

A

The cell wall of the bacteria usually protects itself to keep it from bursting
High salt environments

34
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Cell lose water take and shrink up and die the fluid moves out of the cell

35
Q

Facultative halophiles

A

Tolerate high osmotic pressure so they are not killed by salt

36
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Require oxygen for respiration and have enzymes to help with oxygen toxic by products, such as catalase and super oxide dismutase

37
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Killed by oxygen, only girl with no oxygen

38
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Grow by anaerobic respiration, when oxygen is present but grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available

39
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Tolerate oxygen, but cannot use oxygen

40
Q

Microaerophilles

A

Require low, oxygen concentration

41
Q

Bacteria require major elements, and trace elements needed for growth

A

Carbon, part of all macromolecules of cells is a major energy source

42
Q

Heterotrophs

A

organic carbon sources most microbes need food

43
Q

Autotrophs

A

Use of CO2 and inorganic carbon source
Photo synthetic microbes

44
Q

Nitrogen

A

Component of proteins
Component of DNA,RNA and ATP

45
Q

Phosphorus

A

Component of DNA,RNA and ATP
Found a phospholipid cell membranes

46
Q

Sulfur

A

Found in amino acids, thiamine, and biotin
Most bacteria, decompose proteins for the sulfur source

47
Q

Trace elements

A

Inorganic elements required and very small amounts, such as iron, zinc, copper, potassium, magnesium calcium cobalt manganese these are usually enzyme cofactors

48
Q

Hundreds of types of my growth media available

A

Some medically, important microbes, and most environmental ones have not been grown in lab

49
Q

MacConkey agar media

A

A type of selective and differential media
MacConkey agar is a selective media used to isolate Graham negative bacteria from a culture contains a die and bile salts that inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria
It is also a differential media because it contains lactose in a pH indicator

50
Q

Selective media

A

Contains ingredient, that inhibit the growth of certain species while allowing the growth of other species

51
Q

Differential media

A

Contain a substance that specific microbes change in a recognizable way

52
Q

MacConkey agar. Is a differential media because it contains lactose.

A

Material that ferment lactose produce lactic acid
The acid turn the pH indicator, pink red
colonies that ferment lactose and pure pink red
Colonies, that don’t ferment lactose a colorless

53
Q

LB agar plate

A

Nonselective culture media
Use for bacterial cultures
Nutrient, rich Knigge used to grow enteric, intestinal species of bacteria
Will gro, a lot of different species of a
Commonly used for E. coli
Contains proteins, used salt and agar

54
Q

Direct cell counts

A

Total numbers living plus dead

55
Q

Message to detect and measure microbial growth, : viable plate count

A

Count the number of cells capable of multiplying

56
Q

Colony equals colony forming units CSU

A

Take 1 mL of your samples
Dilute the sample through a series of dilutions called serial dilution
As you dilute, the number of bacteria progressively decreases
Play some sample for me to solution into an agar plate to grow
Incubate the plates
Count the bacterial colonies in each plate in the various solutions to determine the number of valuable bacteria in the original 1 mL sample 

57
Q

Play Tacones

A

Single soul gives rise to one colony 30-300 as ideal 

58
Q

Membrane filtration

A

Concentrates microbes by filtration
Filter is incubated, on appropriate, agar, medium

59
Q

Measuring biomass

A

Optical density turbidity is proportional to concentration of cells 1OD=5x10^8 cells/ml measure with spectrophotometer absorbents at 600 nm 

Microbio (12 decks)

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