Ch 4

Question 1

Microorganism

Answer 1

Organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye we use microscope to see microorganisms, and other microbes, micro organisms include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, microscopic, algae

Question 2

Sizes from big to small

Answer 2

KM big—-M—— CM—— MM—— UM—-NM very small

Question 3

Bacteria is measured in

Answer 3

Micrometers

Question 4

Viruses are measured in

Answer 4

nanometers

Question 5

Light microscope

Answer 5

Light microscope uses visible light to observe specimens light microscope can magnify up to 1000 X
Most common is the brightfield compound light microscope
Ocular lens is 10 X and includes 4 10 40 100 oil immersion only

Question 6

Refractive index

Answer 6

Measure of the bending of a light ray, when will it from one medium to another, adding oil to the side, helps the light to stay and focus on the slide because it prevents and reduces refraction

Question 7

Light, microscope, and contrast

Answer 7

Because many micro organisms are transparent there’s a need for microscope contrast or stain in order to see these microorganism
However, straining is not always desirable because I could kill or damage cells some cells can’t be stained

Question 8

Dark field microscope’s

Answer 8

are use the dark background to examine live cells. No alteration of the cells can be used to see the bacteria that causes syphilis.treponema palidium

Question 9

Fluorescent microscope

Answer 9

Cells or materials, either naturally fluorescent or tag with fluorescent dyes
Molecules absorb light at one wave length usually an ultraviolet light, and I meant like at the longer length wave
Most today our epic fluorescent UV projected onto Not through specimen

Question 10

Electron microscope’s

Answer 10

Uses wave length of electrons which give greater resolutions instead of light
Used for images, too small to be seen by light microscope, such as viruses
Total magnification from from 100,000 to 1,000,000 times
3-D images

Question 11

Transmission electron microscope’s TEM

Answer 11

Beam of electrons pass through a dense slice of the specimen, used to see the inside of a cell to see a 2-D image

Question 12

Staining: preparing specimens for microscope

Answer 12

Number one smear: a thin film of a material containing microorganism spread over a slide
Number two air dry
Number three heat fixing attaching microbes to the slide the skills of microbes . You do the step by sliding through the flame 2 to 3 times to heat, fix a specimen
Number four stain the slide
Number five exam in the microscope 

Question 13

Differential staining

Answer 13

Gram staining most common for bacteria
Acid-fast staining used for mycobacteria tuberculosis

Question 14

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 14

Cell envelope includes capsule cell wall cytoplasmic membrane

Question 15

Gram-positive cell wall versus gram-negative cell wall

Answer 15

Gram-positive has that teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid? And has a thicker peptidoglycan layer
Gram-negative is closer to the outer membrane and has a thinner peptidoglycan cell wall 

Question 16

Two common bacteria, cell shape types

Answer 16

Coccus round
Bacillus rod shaped 

Question 17

Colors in gram staining

Answer 17

Gram-positive stands,, purple,
Graham negative red and pink

Question 18

gram staining in healthcare

Answer 18

We use gram staining and healthcare to see if bacteria is present, and it narrowed down the possible bacteria type

Question 19

Gram staining steps

Answer 19

One crystal violet stain, inside of all cells, purple
Two iodine is added, and forms of crystal violet iodine complex. That the cell wall prevents from being washed out, so the cell remains purple.
Three decolonizing agent, for the alcohol is added, and this remove the dye iodine complex from the gram-negative bacteria, but not from the gram-positive bacteria
Four a secondary stain or counterstain red dye saffron is added to give a different color to the now colorless, gram-negative, bacteria cells
Five. End result, gram-positive, bacteria, stain, purple, gram-negative, bacteria, stain, pink, or red.

Question 20

Limitations to gram staining

Answer 20

Not all bacteria can be tested using gram staining
Some bacteria are Graham variable
Sam do not have a cell wall mycoplasma so Gram stain does not work
Gram stain’s alone John provide a diagnosis but it can help to narrow down the potential bacteria causing the infection to help lab. Focus on additional testing needed.

Question 21

Can we use gram staining on archaea eukaryotes

Answer 21

Archaea do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and they have pseudo peptidoglycan and some pieces do not have any. They are very diverse and we don’t. We don’t use gram staining for archaea

Question 22

Acid fast staining

Answer 22

Used to detect mycobacterium
Cell wall contains high concentration of mycolic acid
Waxi fatty acid that prevents uptake of dye
Harsher methods needed

Question 23

Myco bacterium tuberculosis

Answer 23

Affects the lungs
weakness weight loss, chills, fever, night sweats 6 to 12 months treatment with antibiotics

Question 24

Mycobacterium leprae

Answer 24

Affects the nerves, skin eyes and nasal mucosa
Can lead to nerve damage crippling of hands/feet paralysis, and blindness is left on treated

Question 25

Endospore stain

Answer 25

Members of genera include bacillus clostridium
Form resistant, dormant endosperm
Appear as clear objects when put against Gram stain
Endo sporran staying uses heat to facilitate uptake of the primary dye malachite green
Counterstain usually saffron, used to visualize other cells

Question 26

Endospore stain

Answer 26

Members of genera including bacillus and clostridium form resistant dormant often appear as clear objects when Gram stain endospore stain uses heat to facilitate uptake of the primary dye malachite green by endospore counterstain used to visualize other cells

Question 27

Flagella stain

Answer 27

Flagella stain is used commonly for prokaryotic motility, and is too thin to be seen with light microscope. The flagella stain coats the flagella to thicken and make visible presents and distribution can help and identification.