Ch 6 Flashcards
Catabolism breaking down
Process that decorates compounds to release energy’s
Cells can make ATP
Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones
Exergonic
Anabolism building up
Biosynthetic process assemble subunits of macromolecules, spend ATP two drive reactions
Endergonic
Microbial metabolism is important for humans
New fuel resources or biofuel
Used to make food such as yogurt, cheese, and bread
Bacterial metabolic processes that are unique to bacteria, maybe targets of anti-microbial medication’s
Model for laboratory studies, such as E. coli do the similar pathway in humans
ATP adenosine triphosphate
The main energy currency of cells
Composed of ribose, adenine and three phosphate groups
three negatively charged phosphate groups repel, which intern causes the bonds inherently to become unstable, easily broken by hydrolysis and releases energy to drive cellular processes
What do cells need to carry out metabolism
ATP and enzymes
The role of enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions within the cell
Biological catalyst, speed up conversions of substrate into a product without being altered
Can greatly increase the speed of a reaction reaction will occur, but would also be extremely slow
Enzymes are highly specific and selective about the reaction catalyzed
Enzymes
Has an active site which substrate binds
Highly specific to a specific reaction substrate
And changed by the reaction
Enzymes can be affected by
Temperature pH salt, regulators inhibitors
Enzymes have narrow range of optimal conditions
While 10°C increases double the speed of endemic reaction of Maxximum the
Proteins denature, higher temperatures
What is the optimal State for an enzyme?
PH of 7 to 8 and low salt
Role of enzymes
Biological catalyst that speeds up conversions of South Street enter products by lowering activation energy
Cofactors
Enzymes function summer in our Ganic ion, such as magnesium, zinc, copper
Coenzymes
FAD NADH NADP
Enzyme inhibitor
Site to which inhibitor binds determines the type, competitive inhibitor binds to Actisite enzyme
Chemical structure, usually similar to the substrate
Concentration dependent block substrate
Photosynthetic micro organisms
Microorganisms, I get their energy from sunlight
Chemoorganotrophs micro organisms
Obtain energy from metabolizing organic compounds like glucose
So microorganisms can metabolize in organic matter
Atmospheric nitrogen N2
Hydrogen
Iron
Bacteria can obtain energy and nutrients by performing
Photosynthesis which produces oxygen
Decomposing, dead organisms and waste organic compounds
Breaking down, chemical compounds like iron and ammonia
Chemoautotroph
Prokaryotes that can use reduce inorganic compounds as sources of energy and carbon dioxide as a carbon source
Use inorganic compounds for aerobic or anaerobic, respiration, important example of nutrient cycling
Energy source
Serves as an electron donor
Organic and inorganic compounds are used as an energy source
E. coli use organic compounds is glucose for energy
Chemolititrophs use hydrogen, sulfide, hydrogen, gas, or other inorganic molecules
Terminal electron acceptor,
Chemical that ultimately receive the electron
02 and other molecules such as nitrate nitrate, and sulfite can be used as terminal electron acceptor in bacteria
Aerobic organisms use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor
Anaerobic organisms do not use oxygen but other molecules
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
Reduction
Gain of electrons
In cellular respiration glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
Hydrogen is the source of electrons
Energy from food, carbohydrates or glucose is converted into ATP energy via
Call sis
Respiration high ATP yield
Aerobic with oxygen
Anaerobic no oxygen
Fermentation low atp yield
No oxygen
Both respiration and fermentation
Involve coenzymes NAD or FAD which can carry electrons and protons
When they carry electrons and protons they become NADH FAD2 which canal be called electron carriers
Both pathways create ATP
Role of electron carriers
Electron transport an electron carriers which represent reducing power, can easily be transferred to electrons with higher affinity for electrons
The process to which a compound glucose oxidized using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, and resulting in a proton motive force
Aerobic, cellular respiration molecular oxygen is a final electron acceptor of the electron shells made a chain produces about 38 ATP in bacteria
Aerobic cellular respiration, uses three pathways
Glycolysis the transition step and Krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle
Respiratory chain or electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Breaks down glucose to pyruvate
Celsius glycolysis to strip glucose of its electrons
Glucose six carbon sugar is broken down into to pyruvate molecules or three carbon molecules
The elections are used to 2NAD+ to 2NADH
And a net of two ATP are made
Transition step and tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle
To private rate goes to two acetyl-CoA, which enter the Krebs cycle
2NADH And 2 CO2
The Krebs cycle produces
4 CO2 2ATP 6NADH 2FADH2
Electron transport chain in aerobic cellular respiration
Makes the most ATP 34 ATP
Electron carriers, NADH and FADH2 past electrons in chains
This helps pump hydrogen ions out of the cell
Which ultimately forms, a proton H gradient, or the electrochemical gradient
Protons move across the membrane through ATP synthase to make a
Oxygen is a final electron in a in acceptor
Electron transport chain
Occurs in the cell five membrane of bacteria prokaryotes
Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
Chemiosmosis
Protons move across the membrane through ATP synthase to make ATP
Is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
Aerobic respiration review
Happens with prokaryotes and eukaryotes uses 02 as the final electron acceptor
And product is H2O
Yields 38 ATP
Aerobic respiration
Some bacteria can do this
Inorganic molecules used as the final electron acceptor
Final electron acceptor’s can be nitrate nitrate, sulfate ferric, iron, and more that have a lower electron affinity than oxygen
And products include N two hydrogen sulfide
ATP yield varies with organism that is less than 38. ATP
Fermentation
Is metabolism that does not require
Breaks down glucose Via glycolysis
There is no Krebs cycle, TCA cycle, and no electron transport chain
Create 2 ATP HER GLUCOSE MOLECULE
FERMENTATION IN ALL ABOUT RECYCLING NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to
end products lactic acid, ethanol and CO2
