Ch 8

Question 1

Understanding bacterial genetics & why its beneficial to humans

Answer 1

Understanding & preventing diseases ( many bacterial diseases are caused by toxic proteins
Detecting diseases (PCR) testing in specific DNA/ RNA sequence
Antibiotic resistance
Biotechnology altering microbial genes
Metagenomics studying the total microbial genome in an environment

Question 2

Genome

Answer 2

Complete set of genetic information

Question 3

Human genome

Answer 3

46 chromosomes

Question 4

Number of genes in human genome

Answer 4

20,000 - 25,000

Question 5

Bacterial genome

Answer 5

Circular chromosome made of DNA
500 - 7500 genes

Question 6

Non essential DNA

Answer 6

Plasmid

Question 7

Purines

Answer 7

Two rings A, G

Question 8

Pyramidines

Answer 8

Single ring

Question 9

C bonds with G

Answer 9

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 10

Is RNA short lived

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

RNA is made from DNA by a process called

Answer 11

Transcription

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

RNA → proteins

Question 13

DNA replication DNA → DNA

Answer 13

Before binary fissions
Origin of replication = location where replication begins
Bidirectional replication
Semi conservative = One daughter & one mother cell

Question 14

Process of DNA replication

Answer 14

DNA gyrase relaxes supercoils
DNA helicase unwinds DNA helix
Primase makes a small RNA primer for DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase adds complementary

Question 15

DNA polymerization

Answer 15

5’ to 3’

Question 16

Helicase

Answer 16

Unwinds DNA helix

Question 17

Lagging strand

Answer 17

3’ to 5’

Question 18

Types of RNA

Answer 18

Messenger RNA (made during transcription) “temporary acids”
Ribosomal RNA type of RNA present in ribosomes
Transfer RNA rna involved in carrying amino acids to the ribosome during translation to help build protein molecule

Question 19

Transcription DNA → RNA

Answer 19

mRNA sequence is complementary & antiparallel to DNA template strand
DNA is minus strand template
Complement is plus strand
mRNA is same as complementary strand Just has u instead of t

Question 20

Sigma factor

Answer 20

Is component of RNA pol & recognizes promoter allows regulation

Question 21

Steps of Transcription

Answer 21

Initiation- RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region on the DNA template strand. The sigma factor recognizes the promoter region.
Elongation- RNA polymerase makes mRNA using the minus strand of DNA as a template. Nucleotides Added 3’ mRNA is made 5’ to 3’
Termination- when RNA polymerase encounters a terminator sequence- transcription ends

Question 22

Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes in mRNA & translation

Answer 22

PRO mRNA is not processed, contains introns
EUK must be processed
Eukaryotic mRNA must be transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm for translation
Prokaryotic ribosome is 70 S ( 30 S +50 S)
Eukaryotic ribosome is 80 S ( 40S +60S)

Question 23

Promoter sequence determines

Answer 23

Direction of transcription
Upstream of genes

Question 24

Semi conservative replication

Answer 24

Each new stand of DNA consists of 1 old parent template strand and daughter strand

Question 25

DNA Gyrase

Answer 25

Relaxes supercoiling

Question 26

Primase

Answer 26

Make a small RNA primer for DNA polymerase

Question 27

DNA polymerase

Answer 27

Proofreads strand and adds a complementary nucleotide

Question 28

5’ to 3’

Answer 28

Growth of leading and lagging strand

Question 29

DNA ligase

Answer 29

Joins DNA fragments of the lagging strand

Question 30

DNA strands grow

Answer 30

5’ to 3’

Question 31

Lagging strand

Answer 31

3’ to 5’