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Pharmacology > Exam 2 study guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

The α2 agonist drugs:

A

are sedatives with some analgesic effects

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2
Q

The reversal drugs for ___________ are yohimbine and tolazoline.

A

xylazine

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3
Q

__________________ is a mixed agonist/antagonist opioid that is labeled for use as an antitussive in small animals.

A

butorphanol

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4
Q

______________ is the prototypical opioid drug against which all other opioids tend to be measured.

A

Morphine

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5
Q

μ-mediated opioid analgesia primarily works by:

A

decreasing release of excitatory neurotransmitters and dampening excitation of post-synaptic sites

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6
Q

Propofol:

A

directly stimulates the GABA-A receptor
is an injectable anesthetic agent
inhibits the NMDA receptor

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7
Q

The tranquilizer drug __________ produces its effect by enhancing GABA activity.

A

diazepam

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8
Q

_______________ is a CNS stimulant that works at the medulla of the brainstem to increase respiration.

A

doxapram

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9
Q

Opioids and opiates are exactly the same substances.

A

False

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10
Q

The 4 steps of the pain pathway (in order) are:

A

transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

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11
Q

The heart consists of a __________-pump system.

A

2

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12
Q

Catecholamines are positive inotropes.

A

True

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13
Q

Heart valves allow blood flow in a single direction.

A

True

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14
Q

______________ reduces pulmonary edema formation and is available as a topical cream.

A

Nitroglycerin

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15
Q

The _____________ receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs.

A

Pulmonary veins

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16
Q

Ventricular contraction is recorded as the T wave on the ECG.

A

False

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17
Q

The cholinergic receptors

A

include muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
are often stimulated by parasympathomimetic drugs
are stimulated by acetylcholine

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18
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

prevent angiotensin II and aldosterone formation

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19
Q

PVCs are a type of ventricular arrhythmia.

A

True

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20
Q

Pimobendan

A

is used to treat CHF in dogs with mitral valve disease
is an inodilator
is contraindicated in dogs with CHF secondary to HCM

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21
Q

Bronchoconstriction mechanisms include all of the following except

A

stimulation by inflammatory mediators

22
Q

These cells with cilia line the larger bronchioles in the respiratory tree

A

columnar epithelial

23
Q

This narcotic is the only FDA-approved veterinary antitussive.

A

butorphanol

24
Q

_____________ therapy is indicated in animals that are transiently hypoxic.

A

Oxygen

25
Q

Most ________________ episodes are the result of benign allergic reactions to environmental stimuli, though clients often mistake them for life threatening conditions.

A

reverse sneezing

26
Q

The cough center is a cluster of neurons located in the cerebellum of the brain.

A

False

27
Q

Horses with recurrent airway obstruction may be treated with aerosolized ____________ as part of their treatment.

A

corticosteroids

28
Q

Administration of the bronchodilator ________________ may affect a horse’s racing eligibility.

A

Theophylline

29
Q

Decongestants

A

are not typically used in veterinary medicine

30
Q

Thyroid extracts are commonly used to treat hypothyroid veterinary patients.

A

False

31
Q

________________ is the oral drug of choice for treating hyperthyroidism.

A

methimazole

32
Q

Cats may go into spontaneous diabetic remission during the course of treatment.

A

True

33
Q

All of the following statements regarding hyperthyroidism are true except

A

is more often diagnosed in young cats

34
Q

________________ produces forceful uterine contractions and causes mild letdown.

A

oxytocin

35
Q

Endocrine systems are regulated by a _________________ mechanism.

A

negative feedback

36
Q

All of the following statements regarding levothyroxine are true

A

more closely imitate the negative feedback mechanism on the pituitary gland
allows each tissue to individually convert T4 to T3 pending its specific metabolic needs
has a longer half-life

37
Q

The thyroid gland regulates the cell’s ________________ rate.

A

Basal metabolic

38
Q

The usage of reproductive drugs in a specific, timed order is referred to as a __________________________protocol.

A

Timed artifical insemination

39
Q

A(n) ______________ compound is one that originates outside the body.

A

Exogenous

40
Q

Induction of emesis via 3% hydrogen peroxide

A

should be limited to 1.1-2.2 mL/kg (limit 45mL)

41
Q

Sulfasalazine is an antibiotic chemically linked to a salicylate molecule, which is the component that acts as an antidiarrheal drug.

A

True

42
Q

The opioid antidiarrheal drugs

A

include loperamide and diphenoxylate
increase segmental contractions in the small intestines
decrease peristaltic contractions

43
Q

____________ are particularly susceptible to colic or impaction problems due to their expanded colon and cecum.

A

Horses

44
Q

As a general rule, gastroenterologists recommend the use of antimicrobials in the treatment of most cases of vomiting or diarrhea.

A

False

45
Q

Ionophores, a group of antimicrobial drugs,

A

are used in livestock to control coccidia
improve conversion of cattle feed into animal weight
can be toxic, even fatal, in horses

46
Q

Digestion is a conscious process controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

A

False

47
Q

_____________ are drug molecules that cause other molecules to adhere to their outer surfaces, and decrease the likelihood of those compounds being absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Adsorbents

48
Q

Maropitant is an NK-1 antagonist that has always been labeled for injection in dogs and cats in the US.

A

False

49
Q

The osmotic cathartic ____________ is used to treat chronic constipation, as well as helping to reduce clinical signs associated with hepatic encephalopathy.

A

Lactulose

50
Q

Antimicrobial use in food animals is not….

A

continued for at least 7-10 days
usually administered via nebulization
based on diagnostic test results

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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