Exam #2 (Lecture 7) Flashcards
-formed by the union of ventral and dorsal nerve roots
spinal nerve root:
________-primarily efferent (outgoing) axons -_________ commands
ventral nerve root; motor
-afferent (incoming) dendrites, with cell body in dorsal root ganglion.
-sensory or motor?
dorsal nerve roots; sensory
Where does the ventral and the dorsal nerve root join together?
near or within the ventral intervertebral foramen
The ventral and dorsal nerve roots come together at the intervertebral foramen forming the _________
spinal nerve root
How many c-spine spinal nerves are there?
8 cervical spinal nerves
How many t-spine spinal nerves are there?
12 thoracic spinal nerves
There are a total of ______ spinal nerves?
31 spinal nerves
How are spinal nerves named in the C-spine?
named is based on above named vertebra level
How are spinal nerves named in the T-spine?
named is based on below named vertebra level
1st nerve roots exits between ________ and _________
occipital bone and posterior arch of C1 (atlas)
8th spinal nerves exits between _______ and ______
C7 and T1
All cervical nerves exit superior to their perspective vertebra. T or F
False; exit inferior
__________-forms nerves; innervates muscles, joints, the skin of the _______ lateral trunk and neck, and the extremities
ventral ramus; anterior
________(smaller) forms nerves; innervates muscles, joints and skin of _______ trunk and neck
dorsal ramus; posterior
What branch off the spinal nerve root innervates intercostals and abdominal muscles?
ventral ramus (anterior)
What branch off the spinal nerve root innervates trunk extensor muscles such as erector spinae and multifidi?
dorsal ramus (posteiror)
The ventral and dorsal ramus also innervates ligaments and connective tissues. T or F?
True
The ventral rami innervates what two plexi?
Cervical (C1-C4) and Brachial (C5-T1)
What nerve innervates the diaphragm and which plexus does it come from?
-nerve roots?
Phrenic N. C3-C5; cervical plexus
Each of the 12 ventral rami (of thoracic nerve roots) form ____________ nerves which innervates both an intercostal ________ and _________ in the same space.
intercostal nerves; dermatome and muscles
Does T1 contribute to both the brachial plexus and the intercostal nerve? True or False
True
-a single recurrent nerve branches off proximally- sensory/sympathetic supply to the spinal cord and connective tissues to intervertebral joint (PLL, ALL)
recurrent meningeal nerves
The recurrent meningeal nerves are important because it supplies many areas, one being
the outer 1/3 of the annular fibers of the disc
Why is it important that the recurrent meningeal nerves supply the outer 1/3 of the annular fibers of the disc?
the nerve fibers are sensory and carry pain signals to the brain when the tissue is damaged.
The recurrent meningeal n. branches off the ventral or dorsal rami?
ventral rami
What are the 3 main cervical nerves of the dorsal rami?
C1-suboccipital n.
C2-greater occipital n.
C3-third occipital nerves (TON)
What is the function of suboccipital nerves (C1)
–primarily?
–innervates all suboccipital muscles EXCEPT obliquus capitis inferior
–primarliy MOTOR
–innervates
rectus capitis posterior minor
rectus capitis posterior major obliquus capitis superior
What is the function of the greater occipital n.?
contributes to?
LARGEST dorsal rami- innervates local muscles
contriubutes to C2 and C3 (sensory to scalp)
What is the function of the Third Occciptal N.
-a branch of the posterior root of C3
-provides cutaneous sensation to a small portion of the occipital scalp
-innervates the C2/C3 facets
Which of the following dorsal rami nerves is the main sensory nerve to the occipital area and has been associated with various P! syndromes such as occipital neuralgia, cervicogenic headaches, and migraines?
Greater Occipital N. (GON)
The GON cuts through the _____________ muscles and associated with _________
semispinalis capitis and various P! syndromes such as HAs
_______ activation usually produces pure flexion or extension of the axial skeleton
bilateral
_______ activation tends to produce flexion or extension of the axial skeleton with some combination of lateral flexion and contralateral or ipsilateral axial rotation
unilateral
any potential of lateral flexion or axial rotation is __________ by opposing forces in contralateral forces.
What activation?
neutralized; bilateral activation
What does the action of a muscle in the axial skeleton depend on?
degree of fixation/stabalization of the attachment of the muscles
What are the deep layers of the back muscles?
-erector spinae (superficial)
-transversospinal (intermediate)
-short segment (deep)
What are the erector spinal muscles?
-iliocostalis (thoracis, cervics)
-longissimus (thoracis,cervicis)
-spinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
What are the transversospinal muscles?
-semispinalis (thoracic,cervicis,capitis)
-multifidus
-rotatores (brevis/longus)
What are the short segment muscles?
-interspinales
-intertransversarius
What muscles are in the anterior lateral craniocervical region? (6)
-SCM
-Scalenes (ant/med/post)
-Longus colli
-Longus capitis
-Rectus capitis anterior
-Rectus capitis lateralis
(capital flexion muscles and cervical flexion muscles)
What are the primary actions of the SCM: (4)
-lateral flexor
-contralateral rotation
-bilateral flexion
-a small extensor torque
What CN is the SCM innervated by?
CN 11: accessory n.
SCM:
–origin:
–instertion:
-manubrium of the sternum
-mastoid process
What are the primary actions of the ant/med scalenes?
-lift the first rib
-laterally flex the C/S ipsilaterally
What Cervical Spinal N. innervates the ant/med scalenes?
C4-C6
Ant/Med Scalenes:
origin?
insertion?
-anterior tubercle of TP (C3-C6)
-first rib inner border
What are the primary actions of the posterior scalene?
-lifts the second rib
-laterally flexes the C/S ipsilaterally
Posterior Scalene:
origin:
insertion:
-posterior tubercle of TPs (C5-C7)
-second rib
The posterior scalene is the smallest and the deepest of the scalene muscles. T or F
True
Ant/Med/Pos Scalenes’ main roles are ______ and to lower and middle C/spine and _______
stability; ventilation
The brachial plexus run between the ______ and ____ scalenes.
ant/med
Muscles?
-deep to the trachea and esophagus
function as a dynamic anterior lateral ligament (ALL) vertical stability
Longus Colli/Capitis
What are the primary actions of the longus colli?
-flex/reduce cervical lordosis
What structures does the Longus Colli attach to:
-ant. T1-3
-all cervical vertebrae bodies,
-TPs,
-anterior arch of C1 (atlas)
What rami are the neck muscles innervated by?
ventral rami
Capital extension
–anterior or posterior?
–muscles (8)
–posterior (EXTENORS)
– “suboccipital muscles”:
rectus capitis posterior major,
rectus capitis posterior minor,
obliquus capitis superior,
obliquus capitis inferior
– splenius capitis
– erector spinae: longissimus capitis and spinalis capitis
– transversospinal: semispinalis capitis
Cervical extension:
- muscles:
–superficial (1)
– erector spinae (3)
– transversospinal (1)
- muscles: EXTENSORS
-splenius cervicis
-spinalis cervicis
-longissimus cervicis
-Illiocostalis cervicis
-semispinalis cervicis
Capital flexion:
- muscles
– anterior-lateral craniocervical (3)
– rectus capitis lateralis
–rectus capitis anterior
–longus capitis
Cervical flexion:
-muscles
– anterior-lateral craniocervical (3)
–posterior or anterior?
– anterior-lateral craniocervical region: SCM, scalenes, longus colli
—anterior
Splenius capitis:
Origin?
Insertion?
–spinous process (C7-T3)
–attaches occipital bone
Splenius cervicis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Shared with_____ muscles?
–spinous process (T3-T6)
–posterior tubercles of TPs (C1-C3)
–Shared w/levator scapulae
Functions of Splenius capitis & cervicis:
Unilaterally:
Bilaterally:
–lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation
–bilaterally extends the upper craniocervical region
What muscles are very deep in the neck, superficial to OA and AA?
suboccipital muscles
What do the suboccipital muscles attach? (3)
atlas,axis and occipital bone
What is one of the primary functions of the suboccipital muscles?
providing precise control over OA and AA
The suboccipital muscles have a _______ amount of muscles spindles?
large
The suboccipital mm. neural feedback assists with:
-balance
-eye and head coordination
What is the primary function of the posterior and lateral neck musculature?
-protects the cervical viscera,blood vessels, discs, facet joints, neural tissue
Co-contractions of flexors/extensors in posterior and lateral neck musculature are ideally for _______
stability
Prolonged FHP can result in abnormal ________ and ________ .
PT implications?
extension and flexion
fix mechanics
What are the primary msucles for cervical rotation? (3)
–longus colli
–SCM
–Ant. Scalenes
