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AFAB I-II > Exam #2 (Lecture 6) > Flashcards

Exam #2 (Lecture 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is ligamentum flavum located?

A

anterior surface on lamina to posterior surface of one below
(insert picture)

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2
Q

ligamentum flavum is made of ______% elastin, ____ % collagen

A

80, 20

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3
Q

describe where there is compression forces for ligamentum flavum

A

absorbs some intervertebral compression forces near end flexion.
- constant resistance throughout wide range of flexion with 35% elongation

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4
Q

what is the compression on ligamentum flavum like in neutral?

A

small but constant compression/stabilization in neutral

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5
Q

what is the thickest ligament in the lumbar region?

A

ligamentum flavum

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6
Q

where is the interspinous ligament located?

A

fills space between adjacent spinous processes

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7
Q

what does the interspinous ligament resist?

A

resists separation of adjacent spinous processes - resisting flexion

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8
Q

deep interspinous ligament has more _____ blend with which ligament?

A

elastin blend with ligamentum flavum

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9
Q

superficial interspinous ligament has more _____ blend with which ligament?

A

collagen blend with supraspinous ligament

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10
Q

where is the supraspinous ligament located?

A

attaches between the tips of the spinous processes

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11
Q

what does the supraspinous ligament resist?

A

resists separation of adjacent spinous processes - resisting flexion
* like interspinous ligament

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12
Q

what region is the supraspinous ligament well developed?

A

cervical region

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13
Q

when the supraspinous ligament resistss flexion more strongly, what does that mean?

A

there is more collagen

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14
Q

describe the characteristics of intertransverse ligaments

A

poorly defined
thin, membranous

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15
Q

intertransverse ligaments are taut in _______

A

contralateral lateral flexion (contralateral SB)

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16
Q

intertransverse ligaments are slightly tight in ______

A

forward flexion

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17
Q

describe the characteristics of anterior longitudinal ligaments

A

long, strong, straplike
narrow at cervical spine
widens in lower spine

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18
Q

where are intertransverse ligaments located?

A

between transverse processes
(insert picture)

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19
Q

where are anterior longitudinal ligaments located?

A

entire anterior surface of vertebral bodies (deeper fibers blend with and reinforce discs)

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20
Q

anterior longitudinal ligaments run from where to where?

A

basilar part of occipital bone to sacrum

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21
Q

anterior longitudinal ligaments are taut in _____ and slackened in _______

A

taut - extension
slack - flexion

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22
Q

where are posterior longitudinal ligaments located? runs from where to where?

A

entire length of posterior surfaces of all vertebral bodies - within vertebral canal anterior to spinal cord
runs from C2-sacrum

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23
Q

where on the spine are posterior longitudinal ligaments more broad? narrow?

A

broad - cranially
narrow - lumbar region

Opposite of ALL

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24
Q

posterior longitudinal ligaments are taut in ______

A

flexion

Opposite of ALL

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25
Q

what are the roles of spinal ligaments? (4)

A

limit motion
help maintain spinal curves
stabilizer
protects spinal cord and nerve roots

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26
Q

where are capsular ligaments of the apophyseal joints located?

A

attach to the entire rim of the facet surfaces

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27
Q

capsular ligaments of the apophyseal joints are a blend of what? what does that mean?

A

blend of elastin and collagen
tough to keep integrity of joint/flexible to allow arthrokinematics

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28
Q

what are the capsular ligaments of apophyseal joints reinforced by?

A

adjacent multifidus/ligamentum flava

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29
Q

capsular ligaments of apophyseal joints are slack in ______ and some fibers are taut in ______

A

slack - neutral
taut in end ROM

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30
Q

in the sagittal plane, a posterior ligament will stretch in which direction?

A

flexion

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31
Q

in the sagittal plane, an anterior ligament will stretch in which direction?

A

extension

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32
Q

what is neutral zone?

A

the amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the least passive resistance from the surrounding tissues (i.e. ligaments)

“wiggle room”
used to quantify the amount of segmental instability that is present

thought to be a better measurement of instability than spine ROM

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33
Q

what does it mean if the neutral zone grows larger? how is it increased?

A

more laxity or instability in the spine to control and more demands are placed on the stabilizing systems

increased with injury or weakness of surrounding tissues

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34
Q

too much wiggle room indicates:
not enough wiggle room indicates:

A

1 - hypermobile
2- hypomobile
* one side can be hypo, one hyper

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35
Q

what does the passive system consist of? (5)

A

bony structures
ligaments
joint capsules
discs
passive portion of musculotendinous units

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36
Q

what does the passive system do?

A

sends feedback to the neural subsystem about joint positions and challenges to stability at the passive level

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37
Q

give an example of something at the passive level

A

trauma / sprained ankle
can heal but never be the same

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38
Q

why are ligaments part of the passive system?

A

they are positioned to protect the joint from excessive movement - creates stability.

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39
Q

what is the active system thought to be?

A

muscles (and tendons)

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40
Q

what does the neural subsystem do?

A

receives and transmits information from and to the other two systems to manage spinal stability
aka nervous system

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41
Q

what is spinal instability?

A

loss of intervertebral stiffness that can lead to abnormal and increased intervertebral motion

*increased wiggled room

42
Q

what two levels can core stability be viewed from?

A

local segmental level (size and control of neutral zone)
global spine level

43
Q

When the neutral zone has more slide, glide and rotation between vertebrae, the neutral zone is _______. This increases with ______ and _______ and decreases with _______

A

neutral zone becomes unstable
increases with injury and degeneration
decreases with muscle force

44
Q

describe characteristics of C3-C6
superior surface:
inferior surface:

A

small rectangular bodies
curved and notched superior/inferior surfaces

superior: concave side to side with hooks - uncinate processes
inferior: concave ant/post - joint forms between hooks/recess

45
Q

where are the joints of luschka located?

A

uncovertebral C3-4 through C6-7

46
Q

C3-C6:
- short and curved posterior-lateral:
- very thin:
- large:
- short, some bifid:
- short lateral extensions with ant/post tubercles, unique to cervical spine, attachments for muscles:

A
  • pedicles
  • laminae
  • vertebral canal
  • spinous processes
  • transverse processes
47
Q

C3-C6:
what do consecutive articular processes form?

A

“pillar” with apophyseal joints (facet joints)
facets are smooth and flat

48
Q

which direction does superior facets face (C3-C6)?
inferior?

A

superior: posterior/superior
inferior: anterior/inferior

** bicep curl example: down = anterior (front of hand)
up = posterior (back of hand)

49
Q

C1:
- supports:
- does not have:
- 2 large lateral masses joined by:
- ALL attaches to:
- superior concave facets support:
- inferior articular facets:

A
  • head
  • body, pedicle, lamina, or spinous process
  • anterior and posterior arches
  • anterior tubercle
  • cranium
  • flat/slightly concave
50
Q

C2:
- large, tall body holds:
- has:
- short:
- spinous process:

A
  • dens: ridged vertical axis of rotation for head
  • superior articular processes, pedicles, inferior articular processes (face ant/inf)
  • transverse processes
  • bifid, palpable
51
Q

C7:
- (smallest/largest) of cervical:
- can have a cervical rib off:
- spinous process:

A
  • largest
  • transverse process
  • not bifurcated
52
Q

typical thoracic vertebrae T2-T9:
- directed posterior:
- short, thick:
- downward slanting:
- narrower than cervical:
- large and project posterior:
- superior articular facets face:
- inferior articular facets face:
- aligned in frontal plane:
- spinal nerves go through:

A
  • pedicles
  • lamina
  • spinous process
  • vertebral canal
  • transverse processes
  • posterior
  • anterior
  • apophyseal joints
  • intervertebral foramina
53
Q

what is atypical about T1?

A

full costal facet - entire rib
demifacet for rib 2
spinous process elongated

54
Q

what is atypical about T10-T12?

A

single full costal facet

55
Q

what are the three functional components of typical intervertebral joints? what do they do?

A

1- transverse/spinous processes (increase mechanical leverage of muscles and ligaments)
2- apophyseal joints (guiding intervertebral motion)
3- intervertebral disc (absorb and distribute load, greatest adhesion, axes or rotation, spacers, provides passage for nerves)

56
Q

describe the osteokinematics of an intervertebral joint (5)

A

small movements
large angular motion
3 cardinal planes
axis for each interbody joint
rotation reference point is anterior

57
Q

describe the 3 things happening in arthrokinematics at the apophyseal joint

A

1- approximation: facets close, usually by compression force
2- separation: facets open, usually by distraction force
3- sliding (gliding): facets translates in linear direction, caused by force directed tangential to joint surfaces

58
Q

apophyseal joints:
- ___ pairs:
- ____ joints
- lined with:
- enclosed by:
- acts as:
- most frequent in:

A
  • 24 pairs
  • plane joints
  • articular cartilage
  • synovial well-innervated capsule
  • mechanical barricades
  • upper cervical and lumbar
59
Q

what are subcapsular fat pads that sometimes exist in facet joints?

A

superior and inferior margins of joint and fibro-adipose meniscoids

60
Q

what does a horizontal orientation of facets do?

A

favor axial rotation

61
Q

what does a vertical orientation of facets do?

A

block axial rotation

62
Q

where are intervertebral joints located?

A

C2-3 through L5-S1

63
Q

what three things are intervertebral joints comprised of?

A

disc
endplates
vertebral bodies

64
Q

what is the disc made up of?

A

nucleus pulposus:
- pulplike gel mid to posterior aspect of disc
- 70-90% water in youth
annulus fibrosis

65
Q

what does the disc do?

A

hydraulic shock absorbing system
dissipates and transfers loads across consecutive vertebra

66
Q

why is the disc hydrophilic?

A

gel like, proteoglycan GAGs (water binding GAGs - likes water)

67
Q

what kind of charge does the disc have?

A

negatively charged nature of disc resulting from charged groups on GAGs

68
Q

what does the disc contain that synthesizes proteins and proteoglycan?

A

thin type II collagen fibers
elastin fibers
small number of chondrocytes and fibroblasts in the nucleus

69
Q

how many rings of collagen fibers does the annulus fibrosis have? how many degrees from vertical?

A

15-25 concentric rings
65 degrees from vertical

70
Q

what does the annulus fibrosis do?

A
  • prevents distraction, shear, torsion due to angulation at 90% of torsion force to stretch fibers in direction of the force
  • encase liquid based nucleus
71
Q

what does the outer layer of annulus fibrosis contain?

A

disc only sensory nerves

72
Q

what does the outer layer of annulus fibrosis bind to?
because it has more?
inner layer has more?

A

binds to ALL PLL
outer layer has more collagen
inner layer has more water

73
Q

what happens to the vertebral endplates in degeneration or excessive/abnormal loads placed on them?

A

reduced permeability - reduced inhibits syntheses of proteoglycans –>
less proteoglycans, more collagen = less water –>
less ability to absorb and transfer loads –>
structural and functional failure (disc herniation, OA, annular tears)

the endplate calcifies cartilage

74
Q

what should be happening in the disc with normal compressive forces?

A

produce hydrostatic pressure in disc and evenly distribute load protecting intervertebral and apophyseal joints

75
Q

what percentage of the load is carried on intervertebral joints in standing at spine? what percent at posterior elements?

A

80% in standing
20% at posterior

76
Q

how does the IVD act as a hydrostatic pressure distributor?

A

compressive loads push endplates inward to nucleus pulposus –>
NP slowly deforms outward in all directions (radially) –>
stretched rings of collagen and elastin create tension to resist/balance force. this uniformly transfers to vertebral bodies then returns when load is off

77
Q

the IVD is __________
it resists a ______, _______ load (more rigid or flexible?)
has less resistance to _____, _______ loads (more rigid or flexible?)

A

viscoelastic
resists fast, strongly applied loads (rigid at higher loads)
less resistance to slow, light (flexible at low loads)

78
Q

what everyday position has a higher load to the NP in the lumbar spine?

A

bending over (at lumbar spine) to lift a heavy object

  • in general, holding/moving a heavy object increases load on the NP in the lumbar spine
79
Q

what everyday position has the least amount of load to the NP in lumbar spine?

A

laying supine

80
Q

true or false. leaning forward, whether sitting or standing, creates greater load on the NP in the spine than extending back or sitting straight up

A

true

81
Q

sustained and full lumbar extension _______ pressure in discs.
water is ________ into the disc in extension

A

reduces
water can be reabsorbed

82
Q

what is diurnal fluctuations and why do we experience this?

A

taller in the morning than night (creep)

laying in supine is low pressure, causing water to attract to the spine and swell slightly when sleeping –>
when WB, forces push water out of the disc

83
Q

why are diurnal fluctuations related to age?

A

as we get older, proteoglycans reduce causing less water retention and less hydrostatic pressure

84
Q

do you always experience symptoms with diurnal fluctuations?

A

no - not always symptomatic or loss of function

85
Q

what is spinal coupling?

A

any movement of the spine in a plane is combined with an automatic and often imperceptible movement in another plane

think: muscle action, facet alignment, posture, ribs, stiffness, curve of spine itself

86
Q

describe the movement of the atlanto-occipital (OA) joint? * use convex, concave

A

movement of cranium on atlas
occiput - convex condyles
atlas - concave facets

87
Q

how many degrees of freedom does the OA joint have?

A

2 - flex/ext & SB

88
Q

describe how the AA joint creates stability
what type of joint is it?

A

dens (C2) pushes into osseous-ligamentous ring (anterior arch of atlas and transverse ligament)

pivot joint

89
Q

describe the facet joints in the AA joint
how many degrees of freedom?

A

pair of lateral facet joints
flat and close to horizontal plane

2 degrees of freedom - flex/ext and rotation

90
Q

where does half of our rotation in the C spine come from?

A

AA joint

91
Q

20-25% of neck flexion comes from what joint?

A

OA joint
rest from cervical spine (C2-C7)

92
Q

normal ROM for:
- cervical flexion:
- cervical extension:
- lateral flexion:
- cervical rotation:

A
  • 40
  • 50-70
  • 22
  • 50
93
Q

where is the tectorial membrane located? what attaches to it?

A

AA joint
posterior to transverse ligament

PLL/basilar attachment

94
Q

where is the alar ligament (“check” ligament) located?

A

AA joint
runs side of dens to lateral foramen magnum

tough fibrous cords 1 cm

95
Q

where are the intracervical apophyseal joints located?
what are they like?
how many degrees of freedom?

A

facets of C2-C7
like shingles on a roof at 45 degrees
movement in all 3 planes

96
Q

what is the degrees for normal kyphosis?

A

40-45 degrees - all 3 planes of movement

97
Q

true or false. lateral flexion is greater in thoracic region than lower cervical (C2-C7) region

A

false
SB similar to C2-C7

98
Q

what position are intervertebral foramen most open? most closed?

A

open: flexion –> inferior facets slide superiorly and anteriorly, less joint surface contact
closed: extension –> inferior facets slide inferior and posterior, closed packed more joint surface contact

99
Q

where is flexion and extension happening in protraction?

A

flexion: lower cervical region
extension: upper cervical region

100
Q

where is flexion and extension happening in retraction?

A

flexion: upper cervical region
extension: lower cervical region

101
Q

AA joint is designed for what movement?

A

rotation

AFAB I-II (23 decks)

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