Exam 2: Intro to Vaccines

Question 1

Vaccine

Goals

Answer 1

• Utilizes immune memory to eradicate disease
• Secondary immune responses quicker and more effective
• Some vaccines protect against the symptoms or pathology of disease
  
  • Ex. tetanus

Question 2

Herd Immunity

Answer 2

Insufficient number of non-immune individuals present in a population to sustain transmission of an organism.

Question 3

Herd Immunity

Threshold

Answer 3

of immune individuals needed for herd immunity varies based on R₀ of a pathogen.

Question 4

Active Immunization

Answer 4

Generation of an immune response to an organism or part of an organism which elicits memory.

Can occur by natural infection or vaccination.

Question 5

Live Vaccines

Answer 5

• Attenuated
  
  • Virulence factors removed from organism
  • Still able to grow and elicit an immune response
  • Ex. MMR
• Antigenically cross-reactive
  
  • Not a human pathogen
  • Shares enough ID to produce a protective immune response
  • Ex. Smallpox vaccine, tuberculosis

Question 6

Inactivated or Killed

Vaccines

Answer 6

• Whole organism
  
  • Whole inactivated organism
  • Structural proteins intact
  • Ex. Poliovirus, Measles virus
• Subunit
  
  • Specfic subunit of organism containing necessary antigenic determinants to elicit a protective immune response
  • Requires a good understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease