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Biochemistry II > Exam 2: FA Synthesis > Flashcards

Exam 2: FA Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Primary tissue of FA synthesis

A

Liver

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2
Q

FA synthesis also occurs in the following tissues

A

Adipose tissue
Kidney
Mammary glands during lactation

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3
Q

Synthesis of FA occurs in

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

When isocitrate DH is inhibited by ATP, ____ accumulates

A

Citrate

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5
Q

When citrate accumulates, it is exported to the

A

Cytosol

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6
Q

High sugar forces glycolysis to make lots of ___ in the ___

A

ATP

Liver

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7
Q

Once citrate is exported to cytosol, ____ used it to produce acetyl CoA

A

Citrate lyase

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8
Q

After acetyl CoA is back in cytosol, ___ is created via _____

A

Malonyl CoA

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

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9
Q

FA synthesis keeps adding ___ to a growing FA chain

A

Malonyl CoAs

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10
Q

FA synthase is an ____ with multiple enzyme domains

A

Enzyme complex

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11
Q

One portion of FA synthase is this molecule

A

ACP

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12
Q

ACP stands for

A

Acyl Carrier protein

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13
Q

ACP is similar to

A

CoA

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14
Q

There is a terminal ___ group at the end of FAS

A

Thiol

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15
Q

Process of ACP of FAS grabbing acetyl’s

A
  1. ACP grabs acetyl
  2. ACP transfers acetyl to holding site
  3. ACP grabs malonyl
  4. Acetyl and Malonyl combine
  5. Ketone converted to alcohol
  6. Water removed
  7. Molecule reduced
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16
Q

FAS steps

A

Condensation
Reduction
Dehydration
Reduction

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17
Q

End product of FA synthesis

A

Palmitate (16:0)

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18
Q

FAS uses ___ to reduce

A

NADPH

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19
Q

NADPH is created in

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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20
Q

FA are ____ molecules

A

Highly reduced

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21
Q

NADPH is created by this enzyme in the cytosol

A

Malic enzyme

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22
Q

Release of the FA is accomplished by

A

Palmitoyl Thioesterase

Part of FAS complex

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23
Q

Palmitate can be ____ and ___ by ____ and ___ (enzymes_

A

Elongated and desaturated

Elongases
Desaturases

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24
Q

Humans cannot create double bonds beyond the ____ carbon

A

9th-10th C

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25
Q

Conditions that stimulate FA synthesis

A
  1. High energy charge
  2. Lots of acetyl CoA
  3. Lots of NADH and FADH2
  4. Lots of citrate
  5. Lots of sugar
  6. Insulin
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26
Q

Degradation of FA to make ATP occurs in the

A

Mitochondria

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27
Q

Key enzymes in FA synthesis

A

Citrate lyase
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
FAS

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28
Q

In the cytosol, ____ releases acetyl CoA from citrate in preparation for FA synthesis

A

Citrate lyase

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29
Q

Eating lots of ___ stimulates fat synthesis

30
Q

GLUT2 Function

A

Transport glucose, galactose, and fructose out of intestine into liver

31
Q

GLUT2 is ___ independent

32
Q

GLUT4 Function

A

Transport glucose into muscle and adipose tissue via facilitated diffusion

33
Q

GLUT4 is stimulated by 2 things:

A
  1. Insulin

2. Low energy charge

34
Q

About 90% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurs in

A

Skeletal muscle

35
Q

By adding a ___ to glucose, glucose concentration in muscle remains low and ___ keeps coming in

A

Phosphate

Glucose

36
Q

When muscle energy charge is low, G6P runs through…

A

Glycolysis
Prep step
Krebs

37
Q

When muscle glycogen is low, G6P is converted to

38
Q

Exercise stimulates accumulation of ___ in cell membrane for 1-2 hours afterwards

39
Q

Glucokinase is stimulated by

A

Insulin

Fructose

40
Q

Glucokinase is ___ by its product

A

NOT inhibited

41
Q

___ has a lesser affinity for glucose

A

Glucokinase

42
Q

If glucose and does not need to go through glycolysis and glycogen is full, high energy charge will

A

Inhibit PFK

43
Q

Inhibition of PFK causes ____ to accumulate

44
Q

G6P inhibites

A

Hexokinase

45
Q

Inhibition of hexokinase causes ___ to accumulate

46
Q

Glucose accumulation stops flow from ___ to ____

A

Blood into muscle

47
Q

Rate limiting step in FA synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

48
Q

Stimulation of ACC

A

Citrate

Insulin

49
Q

Inhibition of ACC

A

Malonyl CoA
Palmitoyl CoA
Epinephrine
Glucagon

50
Q

High calories increase synthesis of ____ via changes in transcription factor regulation

51
Q

AMPK phosphorylates ACC, causing

A

Inactivation

52
Q

Malonyl CoA inhibits

A

Carnitine acyl transferase I

53
Q

Citrate inhibits

54
Q

___ is primary site of fructose disposal

55
Q

___ and ___ are enzymes essential for fructose metabolism and are highly expressed in the ___

A

Fructokinase

Triokinase

Liver

56
Q

___ and GLUT8 transport fructose into liver

57
Q

____ has limited expression in muscle and adipose tissue

A

Triokinase

58
Q

Small amounts of fructose cause the release of ___ from a regulatory protein

A

Glucokinase

59
Q

Normally, F6P binds to GK regulatory protein and ____ is inhibited

A

Glucokinase

60
Q

When F1P binds to regulatory protein, GK is set free and ___

61
Q

Fructose skips the regulation of __

62
Q

Fructose stimulates ___

A

Glucokinase

63
Q

Fructose produces more ____ and ATP

A

Acetyl CoA

64
Q

HSL is strongly inhibited by

65
Q

___ is elevated in type 2 diabetes

66
Q

___ is reduced in type 2 diabetes and heavily inhabited

67
Q

HSL has 10 fold higher specific activity for ___ than ___

68
Q

Imbalance of ____ breakdown in obese individuals

69
Q

When the cell overexpresses more ATGL, more ___ is produced

70
Q

Insulin inhibits HSL, which normally likes to break down ___

71
Q

DAG accumulates and activates ____

Biochemistry II (13 decks)

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