Exam 2 - Chpt 17 Flashcards
paired mammary glands located on the anterior chest wall
breast
circular pigmented field of wrinkled skin
areola
areola is speckled with tiny sebaceous glands known as
Montgomery’s glands or Montgomery’s tubercles
breast tissue extends superolaterally into the
axilla as the axillary tail
tail of Spence
what are breast composed of
glandular tissue
fibrous tissue
adipose tissue
how many lobes of glandular tissue per breast
15-20
radiate from the nipple
each glandular tissue lobe contains __ to __ lobules that contain acini cells
20-40
glandular tissue that produces milk
acini cells
carries milk from each lobe to the nipple
lactiferous ducts
extend from the connective tissue layer, through the breast, and attach to the fascia underlying the breast
Suspensory ligaments aka Cooper’s ligaments
components that affect breasts
age weight genetics general health menstrual cycle pregnancy lactation
this extends from each axilla to the groin
mammary ridge aka milk line
what may be present along the milk line
supernumerary nipples or breast tissue
2 major muscles of the chest wall
pectoralis major
serratus anterior muscles
function of the chest wall muscles
support breast and lymphatic tissue
overall contour of breasts is determined by ___ ___
suspensory ligaments
yearly mammograms should begin at which age for those at average risk for breast cancer
45 y/o
being aware of the appearance and feel of one’s own breasts
breast self-awareness
common reason women do not receive recommended breast cancer screenings
lack of access to care
ex: no regular healthcare, no insurance, lower socioeconomic status, lack of education
modifiable risk factors for breast cancer
alcohol intake (< 1/day)
high fat diet
lack of physical activity
obesity
breast cancer is more often Dx in which race
Caucasians, followed by African Americans
although Caucasians have the highest prevalence of breast cancer, which race is more likely to die from breast cancer more commonly seen if < 45 y/
African Americans
mastalgia
breast pain
often associated with menstrual cycle (cyclic)
precautions used for breast exam
standard
lactation not associated with childbearing
galactorrhea
breast enlargement in males
gynecomastia
position for male breast palpation exam
supine
thickening of the normal breast tissue
fibrocystic breast disease
benign tumor of the glandular tissue of the breast
fibroadenoma
fibroadenoma is commonly in which ages
15-35
tiny growths of epithelial cells that project into the lumen of the lactiferous ducts
common cause of nipple discharge in women who are not pregnant or lactating; common in menopausal women
intraductal papilloma
inflammation of the lactiferous ducts behind the nipple
mammary duct ectasia
breast are divided into how many quadrants
4
tail of spence
location of most breast tumors
upper, outer quadrant
Tanner staging
5 stages of breast development
the beginning of adult breast development
thelarche
the only breast structures present at birth
lactiferous ducts
breast begin to develop at which age?
8-13 y/o
what are the 5 Tanner stages
preadolescent breast bud breast, areola enlarge secondary mound mature breast
what occurs during preadolescent Tanner staging
only papilla is elevated
what occurs during breast bud Tanner staging
enlargement, widening of areola
mound like elevation of breast papilla
what occurs during breast, areola enlarge Tanner staging
further enlargement of breast and areola
no separation of contours
what occurs during secondary mound Tanner Staging
projection of areola and papilla to from secondary mound above level of breast
further enlargement
what occurs during mature breast Tanner staging
projection of papilla
areola recesses to the mature contour of the breast
average time it takes to go from stage 2-5 Tanner staging
3 years
breast development precedes menarche by an average of how many years
2 years
usually around age 12
adolescent puberty changes occurs what age?
8-9 y/o African Americans
10 y/o in Caucasians
breast volume is least in which days of the cycle
days 4-7
colostrum may be expressed after how many months
4
African American girls being puberty how much sooner than Caucasian girls?
1-1.5 years
African American girls begin mensturating how much sooner than Caucasian girls?
8.5 months
breast enlargement, nodular consistency begins during which month of pregnant
2
how long is colostrum produced
until 1-3 days PP
after menopause, how do breast feel and why
firm, stringy d/t fibrous and calcificaiton
during health hx, it is important to ask if which type of meds have been or are being used
hormonal, HRT
special maneuvers that help screen for retraction
hands above head
hands on hips
hands together
what to palpate before the breast
axillae
methods of breast exam
spokes on wheel (nipple, out)
concentric circles (out to periphery; counter clockwise)
vertical strip pattern
ends breast exam by doing what to the nipple
depressing, squeezing
which method of breast exam is recommended to detect breast masses
vertical strip
examination of women with large or pendulous breast
sitting
lean forward
support inferior part of breast with one hand, palpate down with the other
when should women perform SBE
3-5 days after menses
same day each month for menopausal women
SBE teaching for assessing nipple retraction, skin dimpling
hold arms above head
breast cancer risk factors
female > 50 y/o personal hx of BC BRCA 1, 2 genes 1st degree family hx previous bx showing atypical hyperplasia previous breast irradiation menarche < 12 menopause >50 first child after 30; no children PO birth control long-term HRT not breast feeding 2-5 alcohol drinks daily obesity, high fat diet - esp. after menopause physical inactivity
has smoking been identified as a risk factor for breast cancer?
NO
males > 50 y/o may have gynecomastia d/t
estrogenic meds for prostate cancer
is there a direct link between fibrocystic breast disease and breast cancer?
NO
discharge color with intraductal papilloma
thin, watery
possible blood tinge
normal, benign finding
