Exam 2 carbohydrates book styudy guide Flashcards
Glucose is the most important _________ in the human body.
monosaccharide
Monosaccharides can be converted by the ____ to other needed molecules.
liver
____ is the storage form of glucose in plants and is also nutritive for human beings.
Starch
_____ is the storage form of glucose in animals and human beings.
Glycogen
Human digestive enzymes cannot break the chemical bonds of \_\_\_\_\_ a. carbs b fiber c. fat d. complex carbs e. proteion
b. fiber
Some fiber is susceptible to _______ by bacteria in the colon which isn’t bad
fermentation
The _____ and nerve tissues prefer carbohydrate as fuel, and ____ blood cells can use nothing else.
brain
red
Intakes of natural/refined carbohydrates should be limited.
refined
Soluble _____ dissolve in water, form viscous gels, and are easily fermented by colonic bacteria.
fibers
Soluble ______ and products of their fermentation play roles in maintaining the body’s health.
fibers
Strucural portions of plant fiber are ______ and are less readily fermented by colonic bacteria.
insoluable
Insoluble fibers benefit digestive tract health.
ye so not terrible
Foods rich in soluble/insoluable fibers help control blood cholesterol.
soluable
Soluble/insoluable fibers are particularly valuable for maintaining intestinal colonies of beneficial bacteria.
soluable
Both soluble and insoluble fibers ease elimination by _____ and ______ stools, and maintain digestive tract health.
enlarging
softening
Adequate dietary fiber may reduce the risks of _____ and rectal cancers.
colon
rectal
Plant foods supply fiber, nutrients, and phytochemicals that may oppose _____ in many ways.
cancers
The best fiber sources are ____ foods, and ____ intake should increase along with fiber.
whole
fluid
Very-high-fiber all-____ diets can pose nutritional risks for some people.
plant
Whole-grain flours retain all edible parts of grain kernels.
ye
_____ grain products are less nutritious than whole grains.
refined
A main task of the human digestive system is to convert starch and sugars to _____ for absorption.
glucose
A diet rich in whole/refined grains is associated with reduced risks of overweight and certain chronic diseases.
whole
Other body systems transport and store glucose; all cells can split glucose for energy.
ye
In ______ intolerance, the body fails to produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme needed to digest the sugar of milk, leading to uncomfortable symptoms.
lactose
People with lactose intolerance or milk allergy need alternatives that provide the nutrients of milk.
ye
Without ______, the body is forced to alter its uses of protein and fat.
glucose
To help supply the brain with glucose, the body breaks down its protein to make glucose and converts its fats into ketone bodies, incurring ketosis.
when you don’t have a lot of glucose
The muscles and liver store glucose as _____; the liver can release glucose from its _____ into the bloodstream.
glucose
glucose
The hormones _____ and ______regulate blood glucose concentrations.
insulin
glucagon
The liver has the ability to convert glucose into fat, but under normal conditions, most excess glucose is stored as glycogen or used to meet the body’s immediate needs for fuel.
ye
The _____ _____ reflects the degree to which a food raises blood glucose.
glycemic index
The concept of good and bad foods based solely on the glycemic response is valid/an oversimplification.
an oversimplification
Diabetes is a major threat to health and life, and its prevalence is increasing/decreasing.
increasing
Diabetes involves the body’s abnormal handling of _____ and the toxic effects of excess ______. (same word)
glucose
glucose
Prediabetes/diabetes type 2 silently threatens the health of tens of millions of people in the United States.
Prediabetes
Medical tests can reveal current ____ _____ _____ and can detect markers of blood glucose control over previous months.
plasma glucose concentrations
Type 1/2 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that attacks the pancreas and necessitates an external source of insulin for its management.
1
Inadequate ____ leaves blood glucose too high, while cells remain undersupplied with glucose energy.
insulin
Type _ diabetes risk factors make the disease likely to develop, but prevention is possible.
2
____ plays a central role in controlling diabetes and the illnesses that accompany it
Diet
Regular physical activity, in addition to diet and medication, helps to control ________in diabetes.
blood glucose
In _____, blood glucose falls too low; it arises mainly in people with diabetes or other conditions or as a result of medications and is rare among healthy people.
hypoglycemia
