Exam 1 study guide (chapter 5 integumentary) Flashcards
What are the 5 layers of skin (in thick skin)?
(Superficial to deep)
1. stratum corneum,
2. Stratum Lucidum, (only in thick skin)
3. stratum granulosum,
4. stratum spinosum,
5. stratum basale
What are the 5 functions of the Integumentary system
i. Barrier function/protection
ii. body temperature regulation,
iii. cell fluid maintenance,
iv. synthesis of Vitamin D,
v. detection of stimuli.
Characteristics of the integumentary system
i. Made up of the skin and all its components
i. Primary function is protection
ii. Made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
iii. It contains 4 different types of cells and consists of 5 individual layers
Thick skin vs thin skin
- thick skin has 5 layers and is found in the soles of our feet and palms of hands includes Stratum Lucidum layer
- Thin skin only 4 layers doesn’t include Stratum Lucidum found everywhere else
Characteristics of stratum basal
i. Attaches to the underlying dermis
ii. Layer of keratinocytes.
Characteristics of stratum spinosum
i. Several layers thick.
ii. Keratinocytes flatten (prickle).
iii. Melanin granules and langerhans cells.
Characteristics of stratum granulosum
i. Keratinocytes flaten and the nuclei and organelles disintegrate.
ii. Keratohyaline granules and lamellae granules begin to accumulate.
Characteristics of stratum lucidum
Only found in thick skin.
i. Clear layer
ii. Row of dead keratinocytes.
Characteristics of stratum corneum
i. 20-30 layers of cells make this layer the thickest of all the other layers.
ii. Contain glycoproteins
iii. Sloughed cells (40 lbs)
4 types of cells in skin
- Keratinocytes
- Melanocytes
- langerhans
- merkel
Characteristics of Keratinocytes
i. Produces keratin.
ii. Comes from the stratum basale.
iii. Top layer of cells are dead.
iv. Areas of increased friction have an accelerated formation and forms a callus.
characteristics of melanocytes
i. Located in the basale.
ii. Produce melanin (pigment).
iii. Spiderlike arms hold granules of melanin.
iv. Melanin migrates to the keratinocytes and shields it nucleus from UV rays.
Characteristics of langer hans
i. Produced in the bone marrow.
ii. Migrate to the epidermis and assist with immune response.
Characteristics of merkel cells
i. Located at the epidermal-dermal junction.
ii. When the cell is attached to a nerve ending it is called a merkel disk.
iii. Used for sensory perception.
Characteristics of Dermis
- The dermis is what binds the body together.
- It is made of strong flexible connective tissue.
- The cells are similar to the ones found in the connective proper.
- It contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph tissue.
- The dermis is composed of two layers.
a. Papillary
b. Reticular
what are the 2 layers of the dermis
- Papillary (more superficial)
- Reticular (deeper)
Characteristics of papillary dermis layer
i. Composed of areolar connective tissue.
ii. Dermal papillae are projections into the above epidermis. On the palms and soles the papillae lay on top of dermal ridges. This forms epidermal ridges which increase friction for gripping. When sweat opens in this area fingerprints are left on anything we touch.
Characteristics of reticular dermis layer
i. 80% of dermal layer.
ii. Dense irregular tissue.
iii. Matrix is bundles of collagen
iv. Tension lines/ Flexure lines / Striae
How do fingerprints work
i. When sweat opens in this area fingerprints are left on anything we touch.
ii. everyone has unique finger prints because of different papillary lines
What are the glands of the integumentary system?
i. Sudoriferous Glands/Sweat glands
ii. Ceruminous gland ear wax
iii. Mammary Glands milk
iv. Sebaceous sebum/acne
2 types of Subdoriferous glands
Eccrine
Apoccrine
Characterisitics of Eccrine glands
a. Most abundant in the body. Concentrated in palms, feet, forehead)
b. Tubular – begins in dermis exits in the epidermis
c. Sweating is regulated by the sympathetic division
d. Secretes sweat which is 99% water.
e. Heat induced sweating begins on the forehead and moves down.
f. Emotional induced sweating begins on the palms, soles and armpits.
Characteristics of apocrine glands
a. Little role in thermoregulation
b. Located in the axillary and anogenital.
c. Sweat and protein and fatty acids are secreted. (musky)
Characteristics of sebaceous glands
- Alveolar gland with no lumen.
- Produces sebum
- Whitehead/Blackhead/Acne
Types of hair
Vellus hair found all of body short fine, terminal hair more vissible
1.Body = sensory
2. Scalp = heat loss/sunlight
3. Eyelashes = shield eyes
4. Nose = filter
Anatomy of hair
- Anatomy and structure
a. Shaft
b. Root
c. Layers
i. Medulla
ii. Cortex
iii. Cuticle
ABCDE method of skin cancer detection
- A is for Asymmetry
One half of the spot is unlike the other half. - B is for Border
The spot has an irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined border. - C is for Color
The spot has varying colors from one area to the next, such as shades of tan, brown or black, or areas of white, red, or blue. - D is for Diameter
While melanomas are usually greater than 6 millimeters, or about the size of a pencil eraser, when diagnosed, they can be smaller. - E is for Evolving
The spot looks different from the rest or is changing in size, shape, or color.
Definition of burn
Tissue damage inflicted by heat, electricity, radiation, and chemical.
Rule of 9s
body is broken up into sections of 9% for fast calculation of area burned.
1. Front and back of head each = 4.5% total 9%
2. Anterior and posterior of each are 4.5% total 9% each arm
3. Anterior trunk 18% posterior trunk 18%
4. Each leg posterior 9% and anterior 9%
5. 1% perineum
Treatment for burns
- Debrided, cleaned, covered (membrane, cadaver, pig skin)
Burn severity/evaluation of depth of burn
- 1st degree: only epidermis. Red, localized. Sunburn is an example. Heals in 3 days.
- 2nd degree: epidermis and upper region of the dermis. Redness and blisters. Heals in 3-4 wks.
- 3rd degree: Full thickness of skin. Only skin grafts for treatment.
a. Debrided, cleaned, covered (membrane, cadaver, pig skin)
