Exam 1 study guide (chapter 5 integumentary)

Question 1

What are the 5 layers of skin (in thick skin)?

Answer 1

(Superficial to deep)
1. stratum corneum,
2. Stratum Lucidum, (only in thick skin)
3. stratum granulosum,
4. stratum spinosum,
5. stratum basale

Question 2

What are the 5 functions of the Integumentary system

Answer 2

i. Barrier function/protection
ii. body temperature regulation,
iii. cell fluid maintenance,
iv. synthesis of Vitamin D,
v. detection of stimuli.

Question 3

Characteristics of the integumentary system

Answer 3

i. Made up of the skin and all its components
i. Primary function is protection
ii. Made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
iii. It contains 4 different types of cells and consists of 5 individual layers

Question 4

Thick skin vs thin skin

Answer 4

1. thick skin has 5 layers and is found in the soles of our feet and palms of hands includes Stratum Lucidum layer
2. Thin skin only 4 layers doesn’t include Stratum Lucidum found everywhere else

Question 5

Characteristics of stratum basal

Answer 5

i. Attaches to the underlying dermis
ii. Layer of keratinocytes.

Question 6

Characteristics of stratum spinosum

Answer 6

i. Several layers thick.
ii. Keratinocytes flatten (prickle).
iii. Melanin granules and langerhans cells.

Question 7

Characteristics of stratum granulosum

Answer 7

i. Keratinocytes flaten and the nuclei and organelles disintegrate.
ii. Keratohyaline granules and lamellae granules begin to accumulate.

Question 8

Characteristics of stratum lucidum

Answer 8

Only found in thick skin.
i. Clear layer
ii. Row of dead keratinocytes.

Question 9

Characteristics of stratum corneum

Answer 9

i. 20-30 layers of cells make this layer the thickest of all the other layers.
ii. Contain glycoproteins
iii. Sloughed cells (40 lbs)

Question 10

4 types of cells in skin

Answer 10

1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. langerhans
4. merkel

Question 11

Characteristics of Keratinocytes

Answer 11

i. Produces keratin.
ii. Comes from the stratum basale.
iii. Top layer of cells are dead.
iv. Areas of increased friction have an accelerated formation and forms a callus.

Question 12

characteristics of melanocytes

Answer 12

i. Located in the basale.
ii. Produce melanin (pigment).
iii. Spiderlike arms hold granules of melanin.
iv. Melanin migrates to the keratinocytes and shields it nucleus from UV rays.

Question 13

Characteristics of langer hans

Answer 13

i. Produced in the bone marrow.
ii. Migrate to the epidermis and assist with immune response.

Question 14

Characteristics of merkel cells

Answer 14

i. Located at the epidermal-dermal junction.
ii. When the cell is attached to a nerve ending it is called a merkel disk.
iii. Used for sensory perception.

Question 15

Characteristics of Dermis

Answer 15

1. The dermis is what binds the body together.
2. It is made of strong flexible connective tissue.
3. The cells are similar to the ones found in the connective proper.
4. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph tissue.
5. The dermis is composed of two layers.
   a. Papillary
   b. Reticular

Question 16

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

Answer 16

1. Papillary (more superficial)
2. Reticular (deeper)

Question 17

Characteristics of papillary dermis layer

Answer 17

i. Composed of areolar connective tissue.
ii. Dermal papillae are projections into the above epidermis. On the palms and soles the papillae lay on top of dermal ridges. This forms epidermal ridges which increase friction for gripping. When sweat opens in this area fingerprints are left on anything we touch.

Question 18

Characteristics of reticular dermis layer

Answer 18

i. 80% of dermal layer.
ii. Dense irregular tissue.
iii. Matrix is bundles of collagen
iv. Tension lines/ Flexure lines / Striae

Question 19

How do fingerprints work

Answer 19

i. When sweat opens in this area fingerprints are left on anything we touch.
ii. everyone has unique finger prints because of different papillary lines

Question 20

What are the glands of the integumentary system?

Answer 20

i. Sudoriferous Glands/Sweat glands
ii. Ceruminous gland ear wax
iii. Mammary Glands milk
iv. Sebaceous sebum/acne

Question 21

2 types of Subdoriferous glands

Answer 21

Eccrine
Apoccrine

Question 22

Characterisitics of Eccrine glands

Answer 22

a. Most abundant in the body. Concentrated in palms, feet, forehead)
b. Tubular – begins in dermis exits in the epidermis
c. Sweating is regulated by the sympathetic division
d. Secretes sweat which is 99% water.
e. Heat induced sweating begins on the forehead and moves down.
f. Emotional induced sweating begins on the palms, soles and armpits.

Question 23

Characteristics of apocrine glands

Answer 23

a. Little role in thermoregulation
b. Located in the axillary and anogenital.
c. Sweat and protein and fatty acids are secreted. (musky)

Question 24

Characteristics of sebaceous glands

Answer 24

1. Alveolar gland with no lumen.
2. Produces sebum
3. Whitehead/Blackhead/Acne

Question 25

Types of hair

Answer 25

Vellus hair found all of body short fine, terminal hair more vissible

1.Body = sensory
2. Scalp = heat loss/sunlight
3. Eyelashes = shield eyes
4. Nose = filter

Question 26

Anatomy of hair

Answer 26

1. Anatomy and structure
   a. Shaft
   b. Root
   c. Layers
   i. Medulla
   ii. Cortex
   iii. Cuticle

Question 27

ABCDE method of skin cancer detection

Answer 27

1. A is for Asymmetry
   One half of the spot is unlike the other half.
2. B is for Border
   The spot has an irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined border.
3. C is for Color
   The spot has varying colors from one area to the next, such as shades of tan, brown or black, or areas of white, red, or blue.
4. D is for Diameter
   While melanomas are usually greater than 6 millimeters, or about the size of a pencil eraser, when diagnosed, they can be smaller.
5. E is for Evolving
   The spot looks different from the rest or is changing in size, shape, or color.

Question 28

Definition of burn

Answer 28

Tissue damage inflicted by heat, electricity, radiation, and chemical.

Question 29

Rule of 9s

Answer 29

body is broken up into sections of 9% for fast calculation of area burned.
1. Front and back of head each = 4.5% total 9%
2. Anterior and posterior of each are 4.5% total 9% each arm
3. Anterior trunk 18% posterior trunk 18%
4. Each leg posterior 9% and anterior 9%
5. 1% perineum

Question 30

Treatment for burns

Answer 30

1. Debrided, cleaned, covered (membrane, cadaver, pig skin)

Question 31

Burn severity/evaluation of depth of burn

Answer 31

1. 1st degree: only epidermis. Red, localized. Sunburn is an example. Heals in 3 days.
2. 2nd degree: epidermis and upper region of the dermis. Redness and blisters. Heals in 3-4 wks.
3. 3rd degree: Full thickness of skin. Only skin grafts for treatment.
   a. Debrided, cleaned, covered (membrane, cadaver, pig skin)