Exam 1 study guide (chapter 4 connective tissue)

Question 1

What are the 4 types of connective tissue?

Answer 1

1. Connective (Proper)
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood

Question 2

What are the 4 major functions of connective tissue?

Answer 2

1. Binding and support (bone, cartilage)
2. Protection (bone, cartilage, fat)
3. Insulation (fat)
4. Transport (blood)

Question 3

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

Answer 3

1. Vascular
2. Made up of structure elements consisting of:
   a. ground substance
   b. fibers
   c. and cells
   Most abundant tissue in the body.
   Amount varies in location.
   Large amount in skin.
   Small amount in the brain.

Question 4

What are the (3) types of fibers in connective tissue and what do they do?

Answer 4

The fibers provide support
1. Collagen
2. Elastic
3. reticulum

Question 5

What are the characteristics of collagen fibers?

Answer 5

Protein that is cross linked then bundled to into larger fibers.
1. Help to withstand large amounts of stress (steel).
2. Appear white.

Question 6

What are the characteristics of elastic fibers?

Answer 6

long thin made up of elastin.
1. Able to stretch ( limited by collagen).
2. Found skin – lungs-intestines.
3. Yellow appearance.

Question 7

What are the characteristics of reticulum fibers?

Answer 7

very fine collagenous fibers that extend from collagen fibers.
1. Surround blood vessels and soft tissue.
2. Present where connective tissue abuts up to other tissue types. (Vessels, basement membrane).

Question 8

What are the characteristics of ground substance

Answer 8

i. unstructured space between cells and fibers.
ii. Interstitial fluid.
iii. CAM.
iv. GAGs (trap water. More GAGs = more stiff).
v. Molecular sieve to allow for diffusion.

Question 9

What are the (4) types of cells in connective tissue?

Answer 9

1. Fibroblast,
2. chondroblast,
   3 osteoblast,
   4 hematopoietic stem cells.
   ii. Blast = immature Cyte = mature.

Question 10

What are the 2 types of connective tissue proper?

Answer 10

Loose & dense

Question 11

What are the (3) types loose connective?

Answer 11

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

Question 12

What are the characteristics of areolar connective tissue?

Answer 12

a. Areolar - Does it all (support, hold fluids, infection, nutrients).
i. Fibers are loosely dispersed.
ii. All cells release fluid into this area (EDEMA).

Question 13

What are the characteristics of adipose connective tissue?

Answer 13

has a similar structure to areolar.
i. Largest cells but can’t divide.
ii. Large storage of nutrients.
iii. Very vascular. Insulation + protection (kidney).

Question 14

What are the characteristics of reticular connective tissue?

Answer 14

has only reticular fibers. These fibers have fibroblasts attached.
i. Spleen, lymph, bone.
ii. Forms a stroma in which other soft structures (blood cells) need support.

Question 15

Define dense connective tissue and what are the 3 types?

Answer 15

It is mostly made up of fibers and is often called fibrous connective tissue.
1. Regular
2. Irregular
3. Elastic

Question 16

What are the characteristics of dense regular connective tissue?

Answer 16

have bundles of collagen fibers running in same direction as the pull.
i. Lined with fibroblasts to manufacture fibers.
ii. Poorly vascularized.
iii. Found in tendons and ligaments.

Question 17

What are the characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?

Answer 17

has a similar structure but are thicker and arranged in different directions.
i. Able to withstand tension from many different angles.
ii. Found in skin and fibrous joints.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of dense elastic connective tissue?

Answer 18

Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
i. Allows recoil of tissue after stretching maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration
ii. Walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes

Question 19

What are the characteristics of cartilage (connective tissue)?

Answer 19

1. Withstands tension and compression
2. Avascular AND no nerve fibers
3. Large amounts of GAG (80% water)
4. Chondroblast are the dominate cell (until adolescence)
5. The cell loses its ability to divide as the individual ages so a slower recovery

Question 20

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 20

1. Hyaline: most abundant
2. Elastic: very similar to hyaline
3. Fibrocartilage

Question 21

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?

Answer 21

a. Hyaline: most abundant
i. Large numbers of collagen fibers
ii. Located in the long bones, ribs, nose

Question 22

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage (connective tissue)?

Answer 22

b. Elastic: very similar to hyaline
i. Contains more elastin for areas of frequent bending
ii. Located in the external ear and the epiglottis

Question 23

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

Answer 23

c. Fibrocartilage:
i. Rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of collagen
ii. Resists compression
iii. Located between intervertebral discs

Question 24

What are the characteristics of bone (connective tissue)?

Answer 24

1. Rock like hardness
2. Storage of fat & synthesis of blood
3. Stronger than cartilage due to Ca+2
4. Osteoblasts lay down matrix below Ca+2
5. Vascular
6. Types of bone
   a. Compact & spongy

Question 25

What are the 2 types of bone?

Answer 25

1. Compact 2. Spongy

Question 26

What are the characteristics of blood?

Answer 26

1. Fluid within blood vessels
2. Connective tissue because it is derived from mesenchyme cells, and it is surrounded by nonliving matrix
3. Transports nutrients, waste. respiratory gases
4. Red & white blood cells