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Biology 231 > Chapter 6 Study Guide answers > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Study Guide answers Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Skeletal Cartilage (3)

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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2
Q

Characteristics of Hyaline cartilage

A

collagen, articular, costal, nasal, larnyx.

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3
Q

Characteristics & location of Elastic Cartilage

A

elastic found outer ear & epiglottis

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4
Q

Characteristics & location of fibrocartilage

A

compression found in knee & intervertebral discs

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5
Q

Number of bones in adult humans

A

206

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6
Q

5 classifications of bone

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Sesamoid
  4. flat bones
  5. irregular
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7
Q

Characteristics and examples of long bones

A
  1. Shaft plus two ends
  2. Limbs (not patella or wrist)
  3. Not based on size.
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8
Q

Characteristics and examples of short bones

A
  1. cube shaped
  2. wrist
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9
Q

Characteristics and examples of sesamoid bones

A
  1. sesame seed shaped
  2. form within a tendon
  3. patella (alters the direction of the pull)
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10
Q

Characteristics and examples of flat bones

A
  1. thin, flattened, curved
  2. sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull bones
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11
Q

Characteristics and examples of irregular bones

A
  1. misfits/special shape,
  2. vertebra & hip bones
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12
Q

5 main functions of bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell formation
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13
Q

Example of support function of bone

A

Legs =pillars

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14
Q

Example of PROTECTION function of bone

A

skull, vertebra, rib cage

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15
Q

Example of MOVEMENT function of bone

A

muscle attached to bone use as levers

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16
Q

Example of mineral storage function of bone

A

calcium & phosphorous

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17
Q

Example of blood cell formation function of bone

A

hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cellular components)

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18
Q

Gross structure of compact bone

A

external is smooth

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19
Q

gross structure of spongy bone

A

honeycomb (tracbeculae) filled with yellow or red marrow.

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20
Q

Gross structure of diaphysis

A

Thick compact bone that surrounds medullary cavity. Contains yellow marrow.

21
Q

Gross structure of Epiphysis

A

Compact on exterior and spongy on interior. The ends covered by hyaline cartilage.

22
Q

Periosteum & 2 layers

A

covers the entire bone except the ends.
Fibrous layer is dense irregular conn tissue.
Osteogenic layer is made of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Contains blood supply, nerves, lymph.

23
Q

2 layers of Periosteum

A
  1. Fibrous layer is dense irregular conn tissue.
  2. Osteogenic layer is made of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
24
Q

Endosteum

A

lines the trabeculae and the cavities.

25
Q

Sharpey (perforating) fibers

A

Sharpy fibers are collagen that go from fibrous layer into the bone. Dense = tendons

26
Q

Short bones

A

Thin plates of periosteum covered compact bones and endosteum covered spongy (dipole). Bone marrow is present but not in a cavity.

27
Q

Hematopoiesis

A
  1. Occurs in the red marrow, which is primarily in the flat bones and irregular bones.
  2. Yellow can revert to red if needed. (anemia)
28
Q

Lamella

A

Lamella (growth rings on tree)

29
Q

Central canal (haversion)

A

nerve supply.

30
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

a. Trabeculae which are aligned precisely along line of stress.
b. Irregularly arranged lamellae.
c. Osteocytes connected by canaliculi
d. No osteons are present
e. Nutrients reach bone by diffusion.

31
Q

Compact (cortical) bone

A
32
Q

Organic parts of bone

A
  1. Ground substance
  2. Collagen fibers
  3. Osteocytes
33
Q

Inorganic parts of bone

A
  1. Hydroxyapatites or mineral salts.
  2. CaPO4 which is responsible for the hardness.
  3. Compression = ½ of steel, Tension = steel.
34
Q

Where does Endochondral ossification occur?

A

all bones except skull and clavicles

35
Q

Where does Intramembranous ossification occur?

A

Skull & clavicle

36
Q

Steps in endochondral ossification (5)

A
  1. A bone Collar is forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage
  2. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
  3. The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
  4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysis.
  5. The epiphysis ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilageremains only in epiphysis plates and articular cartilage.
37
Q

Steps in Intramembraneous ossification (4)

A
  1. Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts.
  2. Osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies. Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted by the osteoblasts. Osteoblasts become trapped and become osteocytes.
  3. Woven bone and periosteum form. Osteoid is laid down around blood vessels which forms trabeculae. The vascular condenses around the osteoid and forms the periosteum.
  4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone just deep to the periosteum. red marrow appears. The trabeculae thickens and is replaced by lamellae and compact bone (bone collar). The diploe persists internally and its vascular system becomes red marrow.
38
Q

Hormones involved in bone growth

A
  1. In childhood, growth is controlled by Growth hormone released by the anterior pituitary.
  2. In adolescence, growth is controlled by the sex hormones.
39
Q

What is Wolfs law

A

bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed on it.

40
Q

Longitudinal growth of bone

A

Growth in length occurs at the epiphyseal plate

41
Q

Appositional growth of bone

A

Growth in width/thickness. Osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on the the external bone surface as osteoclasts on the endosteal surface of the diaphysis remove bone.

42
Q

types of fracture

A

i. Non-displaced vs displaced
ii. Incomplete vs complete.
iii. Linear vs transverse.
iv. Open (compound) vs simple (closed).

43
Q

Non-displaced vs displaced fracture

A

When a fracture is displaced, the ends of the bone have come out of alignment. In such cases, the broken bone needs to be set back into alignment so it will heal properly

44
Q

Incomplete vs complete fracture

A

A complete fracture breaks the bone into separate pieces.

45
Q

Linear vs transverse.

A

Transverse fractures occur when your bone is broken perpendicular to its length.

46
Q

Open (compound) vs simple (closed).

A

Skin above the bone is broken/bone has come out/is visible.

47
Q

Treatment for fractures

A
  1. reduction-Closed reduction is a procedure to set (reduce) a broken bone without cutting the skin open. The broken bone is put back in place, which allows it to grow back together in better alignment.
  2. During an open reduction, orthopedic surgeons reposition the pieces of your fractured bone surgically so that your bones are back in their proper alignment.
48
Q

Steps of healing a fracture (4)

A

i. 1. Hematoma forms
ii. 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
iii. 3. Bony callus forms
iv. 4. Bone remodeling occurs

Biology 231 (22 decks)

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