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Spinal Anatomy Summer 2015 > Exam 1 Questions > Flashcards

Exam 1 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

osteoblast- form bone
osteocyte- maintain or bone nurturing
osteoclast- bone remodeling

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2
Q

what are the bone cells embedded in?

A

an amorphous matrix consisting of various minerals, protein fibers, and ground substance

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3
Q

what is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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4
Q

what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

chondroitin sulfate
keratin sulfate
hyaluronic acid

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5
Q

what is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?

A

collagen type I

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6
Q

what is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A 
lead
radium
strontium 
sodium
magnesium
flouride
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8
Q

what is Wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

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9
Q

what are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as living?

A

it has the ability to heal
to remodel under stressors
to age

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10
Q

what is bone the embryological derivative of?

A

Mesenchyme or cartilage

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11
Q

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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12
Q

what is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the 2nd to 3rd month in utero

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13
Q

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

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14
Q

what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the 2nd month to 5th month in utero

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15
Q

what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocranium

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16
Q

which skull bones are ossified by both enochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

mandible
sphenoid
temporal
occipital

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17
Q

which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both enodochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

clavicle

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18
Q

what is the name given to the fibrocellular lining of bone?

A

endosteum

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19
Q

what is the name given to the outer fibrocellular covering of bone?

A

periosteum

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20
Q

what is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

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21
Q

what are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary centers- appears before birth

secondary centers- appears after birth

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22
Q

what are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial
muscular
neural
connective

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23
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

Sexual dimorphism gender variation
ontogenic variation growth or age variation
geographic or population-based variation ethnic variation
Idiosyncratic variation individual variation

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24
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A 
Long bones 
short bones 
flat bones 
irregular bones 
Paranasal sinus pneumatic bone 
sesamoid bones
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25
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal II?
Heterotopic and accessory bone
26
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
Heterotopic bone
27
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
Accessory bone
28
What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?
The diaphysis shaft and typically two epiphyses extremities
29
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
They are essentially cuboidal
30
What are examples of short bones?
Most of the bones of the carpus and Tarsus
31
What are examples of flat bones?
The parietal bone and sternum
32
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
``` Frontal ethmoid maxilla Sphenoid Temporal ```
33
What bones contain paranasal sinuses?
Frontal ethmoid maxilla Sphenoid
34
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
The bone develops within a tendon
35
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
Patella and pisiform
36
What are examples of heterotopic bones?
Calcific deposits in the Pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
37
What are examples of accessory bones?
Para articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
38
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
Elevations depressions tunnels or passageways facets
39
What are types of osseous elevations?
Linear rounded sharp
40
What are types of osseous linear elevation?
Line Ridge crest
41
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
``` Tubercle protuberance trochanter tuber tuberosity malleolus ```
42
What is the definition of an osseous trochanter?
A large blunt projection from the surface of bone with a significant base and height
43
What is the definition of an osseous malleolus?
A hammerhead like elevation on the surface of bone
44
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
Spine and process
45
What is the definition of an osseous elevation called spine?
A thorn like elevation from the surface of bone
46
What is the definition of an osseous process?
A relatively sharp bony projection from the surface of bone with an increased length
47
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions
Notch or incisure groove sulcus
48
What is the definition of an osseous groove
A long furrow of variable depth on the surface of the bone
49
What is the definition of an osseous sulcus
A wide groove of variable length and depth on the surface of bone
50
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions
Fovea and fossa
51
What is the definition of an osseous fovea
A shallow depression a variable circumference on the surface of bone
52
What is the definition of an osseous fossa
A deep depression a variable circumference on the surface of bone
53
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone
Ostium or orifice | hiatus
54
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus
An irregular opening on the surface of bone
55
What are the names giving to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone
Foramen or canal
56
What is the definition of an osseous Foramen
And ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
57
What is the definition of an osseous canal
And ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
58
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind ended passageway
Meatus
59
What is the definition of an osseous Fissure
An irregular slit like or crack like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones
60
What are the categories of osseous facets
Flat facets | rounded facets
61
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets
Articular heads and articular condyles
62
What bones form the axial skeleton
``` Skull hyoid vertebral column sternum ribs ```
63
What is the name given to the adults skull minus the mandible
Cranium
64
What are the names given to the top of the adults skull
Calvaria or Calva
65
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull
28 bones
66
What bones form the Neurocranium of the typical adult skull
``` Frontal parietal temporal occipital Sphenoid ethmoid ```
67
How many bones formed the typical adult neurocranium
8 bones
68
How many bones form the facial skeleton splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton
14 bones
69
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column
Spine
70
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adults spine
24 bones
71
What is the definition of spine as it pertains to the vertebral column
The pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column
72
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum
1 bone
73
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum
Manubrium sterni corpus sterni xiphoid process
74
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton
12 pair or 24 ribs
75
What is the term used to identify the study of joints
Arthrology
76
What is the term used to identify the study of ligaments
Syndesmology
77
What are the three histological classifications of joints
Fibrous cartilaginous synovial fluid
78
What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally align during closure of the mouth
Malocclusion
79
What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of syndesmosis
Interosseous ligament
80
What are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column
Most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacral iliac joints
81
What are the characteristics of the amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
They are primary Cartilage joints temporary in Longevity composed of hyaline Cartilage form between ossification centers within a Cartilage template
82
What are examples of temporary Cartilage joints
Metaphysis Neurocentral joint Neuroarch joint chondrocranium
83
What are examples of permanent amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
Costochondral joints or the first sterno chondral joint
84
Which Cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary
Amphiarthrosis symphysis
85
What type of cartilage is characteristic of the amphiarthrosis symphysis
Fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
86
What are the characteristics of an amphiarthrosis symphysis
Limited motion median plane location support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint more permanent in Longevity then synchondrosis they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
87
What are the classic examples of an Amphiarthrosis symphysis
Intervertebral disc pubic symphysis sternal symphysis symphysis menti
88
Which example of an Amphiarthrosis Symphysis is temporary
symphysis menti
89
What are the four consistent features of synovial diarthrosis joints
Articular or fibrous capsule synovial membrane articular Cartilage synovial fluid
90
Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the
Capsular ligament
91
What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament
Intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
92
What are the characteristics of the type one articular receptors
Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule resemble Ruffini endings most numerous in cervical zygapophysis they monitor the joint at rest
93
What are the characteristics of type two articular receptors
Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule resemble Pacinian corpuscles most numerous in the cervical spine monitor the joint during normal range of motion
94
What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors
Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments resemble golgi tendon organs not initially observed along the vertebral column monitor extreme joint motion
95
what is the function of type IV articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
96
Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?
fibroud capsule, articular fat pads, or adventitia of blood vessels
97
Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
98
Type IV articular receptors would be absent in what parts of the synovial diarthrosis joint?
synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs
99
what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
synovial villi articular fat pads or haversian glands synovial menisci and intra-articular glands
100
what is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membranes?
aid in spreading synovial fluid
101
where are the articular fat pads located?
in the fibrous layer of synovial membrane; they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intra- articular disc
102
articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
lumbar zygapophyses
103
intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
temporomandibular sternoclavicular acromioclavicular radio-ulnar
104
synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
femur-tibia articulation cerivcal zygopophyses lumbar zygopophyses
105
what are the layers of the synovial membrane?
outer fibrous layer and an inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima
106
what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
are phagocytic
107
what is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyalouronic acid
108
what is the source of nutrition for articular cartilage?
blood vessels in the synovial membrane, sinuses of the bone marrow cavity and from synovial fluid itself
109
which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
type II
110
what are proteoglycans composed of?
a core protein and glycosaminoglycans
111
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
112
cartilage is able to change shape due to a compression, a characteristic known as
deformation
113
what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
114
what is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
115
which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
weeping theory
116
which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
boosted theory
117
which theory of joint lubrication implies an adsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low friction observed during movement
boundary theory
118
what are the properties of synovial fluid
it is yellow-white,viscous, slightly alkaline, and tastes salty
119
which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior
hyaluronate
120
what substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior
lubricin
121
what is simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)
only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed
122
what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra articular disc) or meniscus
123
what are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthroses) based on type of movement?
``` nonaxial uniaxial biaxial multiaxial (ALL SYNOVIAL JOINTS) ```
124
what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
125
what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial
hinge(diarthrosis ginglymus) | pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
126
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial
(diarthrosis) bicondylar (diarthrosis) condylar (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
127
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis) (diarthrosis spheroidal) (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same joint
128
what are examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints
median atlanto-axial joint | proximal radio-ulnar joint
129
what are examples of diarthosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joint
temporomandibular joint | femur-tibia joint of the knee
130
what are examples of diarthosis ellipsoidal joints
radiocarpal joint of the wrist metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
131
what are examples of synovial saddle (diarthosis sellar) joints
carpometacarpal joints of the thumb talocrural joint of the ankle calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
132
what are examples of diarthosis cotyloid joints
femur-acetabulum of innominate articulation at the hip | humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
133
what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent
33 segments
134
what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult
26 segments
135
what constitutes the spine
24 presacral segments, cervical, thoracic, lumbar
136
how many segments unite to form the typical sacrum
5 segments
137
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx
4 segments
138
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae
The two toed sloth Manitee ant bear three toed sloth
139
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae
Ant bear | three toed sloth
140
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae
Manitee | Two toed sloth
141
What does the term cervical refer to
The region of the neck
142
What does the term thoracic refer to
Breast plate or chest | it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
143
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest
Dorsal segments | the dorsal's
144
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region
12 segments
145
What does the term lumbar refer to
The loin | the region between the rib and the hip
146
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region
Five segments
147
What does the term sacrum refer to
The holy bone or holy region
148
What does the term coccyx refer to
A cuckoo birds bill or cuckoo birds beak
149
What is the length of a typical male spinal column
About 70 cm or 28 inches
150
What is the length of a typical female spinal column
About 60 cm or 25 inches
151
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column
About 3 inches
152
What is the length of the male cervical region both measurements
About 12 cm or 5 inches
153
What is the length of my male thoracic region both measurements
About 28 cm or 11 inches
154
What is the length of a male lumbar region both measurements
About 18 cm or 7 inches
155
What is the length of the male sacrum both measurements
About 12 cm or 5 inches
156
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column what is the length of the male spine both measurements
About 58 cm or 23 inches
157
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weigh bearing transfer
S1 through S3 at the auricular surface
158
What organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull
That Eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
159
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure
Notochord
160
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column
Para axial mesoderm
161
what embryonic structure gives rise to somites
paraxial mesoderm
162
name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite
sclerotome myotome dermatome
163
what are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during developmental
membranous cartilaginous skeletal or osseous
164
migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature
the perichordal blastema
165
the perichondral blastema gives rise to what processes
neural processes and costal processes
166
what is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichondral blastemae
intersegmental artery
167
what forms between the sclerotomites of a perichondral blastema
the intrasclerotome fissure (fissure of von ebner)
168
the intrasclerotome fissure (fissure of von ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature
the perichondral
169
the union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclertomite from adjacent perichondral blastemae gives rise to what feature
the vertebral blastema
170
what vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema
the segmental artery
171
when will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema
beginning in the 6th embryonic week
172
what is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage
chondrification
173
what are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema
centrum center neural arch center transverse process center
174
how many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema
six...2 for the centrum 2 for the neural arches 2 for each transverse process
175
what is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra
during the 7th embryonic week
176
what is the name given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance
primary centers appear in utero | secondary centers appear after birth
177
what is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra
3 primary centers | 5 secondary centers
178
what are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra
centrum centers and neural arch centers
179
what are the names locations of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical
tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
180
what is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra
during puberty, typical ages 11-16 year olds
181
what is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine
cervical- rectangular thoracic- triangular lumbar- reniform
182
what is the given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body
superior epiphyseal plate | inferior epiphyseal plate
183
what large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body
the basivertebral venous foramen
184
what is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular processes attach
the lamina- pedicle junction
185
what is the generic orientation of the pericle at each region of the spine
cervical- posterolateral thoracic- posterior, slight lateral lumbar- posterior
186
All lamina are oriented and what direction
Posterior and median
187
What ligament will attach to the lamina
The ligamentum flavum
188
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of ligamentum flavum
Para articular process
189
What classification of bone will Para articular processes represent
Accessory bone
190
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on x-ray
Shingling
191
What is the name given to the lamina pedicle Junction at each region of the spine
Cervical articular pillar | thoracic and lumbar pars inter-articularis
192
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch spinous process on lateral x-ray
The spinolaminar junction
193
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine
The transverse apophysis or transverse process | articular apophysis or articular process
194
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine
Cervical anterolateral thoracic posterolateral lumbar lateral
195
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process
The transverse tubercle
196
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter it's initial direction in the cervical region
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
197
What will cause the transverse process transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region
The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
198
What is the name given to the joint form between articular facets of the vertebral couple
The zygapophysis
199
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis
The superior articular process or superior articular apophysis
200
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post zygapophysis
The inferior articular process or inferior articular apophysis
201
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The inferior articular process post zygapophysis the superior articular process pre-zygapophysis the capsular ligament the ligamentum flavum
202
What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
203
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
204
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The vertebral body of the segment above the vertebral body of the segment below the intravertebral disc the posterior longitudinal ligament
205
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process spinous apophysis
Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
206
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophysis as seen on x-ray
Imbrication
207
What is the orientation of the spinous process spinous apophysis at each region of the spine
Cervical slight angle inferior thoracic noticeable angle inferiorly lumbar no inferior angle
208
What is the typical shape outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column vertebral column
Cervical triangular thoracic oval lumbar triangular sacrum triangular
209
At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate
L1
210
It would vertebral level will the dural sack typically terminate
S2
211
Identify all segmental arteries
``` Vertebral ascending cervical deep cervical superior highest intercostal posterior intercostal subcostal lumbar iliolumbar lateral sacral median middle sacral ```
212
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine
Vertebral artery ascending cervical artery deep cervical artery
213
What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine
Deep cervical artery superior highest intercostal artery posterior intercostal artery subcostal artery
214
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine
Lumbar arteries iliolumbar artery lateral sacral artery median middle sacral artery
215
What are the saying mental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebrae
Iliolumbar artery lateral sacral artery median middle sacral artery
216
What are the segmental arteries of the sacrum
Iliolumbar Artery Lateral sacral artery median sacral artery
217
What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery
C-1 through C6
218
What segmental levels are supplied by the ascending cervical artery
C-1 through C6
219
What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery
C7 through T1
220
What segmental levels are supplied by the superior highest intercostal artery
T1 and T2
221
What Segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery
T3 through T11
222
What segmental levels are supplied by the subcostal artery
T 12
223
What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries
L1 through L4
224
What are the segmental levels supplied by the median sacral artery iliolumbar artery lateral sacral artery
L5 S1 through S5 coccyx
225
What's vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it
L5
226
What are the segmental arteries for L5
Iliolumbar artery median middle sacral artery lateral sacral artery
227
What branch of the segmental artery supplies the vertebra and paravertebral region
Dorsospinal artery
228
Which branch of the dorsospinal artery will penetrate the meninges to enter subarachnoid space
Spinal artery
229
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space
Osseous arteries anterior spinal canal artery posterior spinal canal artery
230
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
231
What arteries are observed an epidural space near the ligamentum flavum
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
232
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space
Anterior radicular artery posterior ridiculous artery anterior medullary feeder artery posterior medullary fear artery
233
Which vessel will supply the ventral anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root
Anterior radicular artery
234
Which vessel will supply the dorsal posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root, and nerve root ganglion
posterior radicular artery
235
What location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult
9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries
236
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length
Anterior spinal artery
237
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery
The vertebral artery
238
Is the anterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord
No
239
As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord what arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
240
The posterior spinal cord is a branch of which artery
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery
241
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord
It lies in the posterior lateral sulcus along the spinal cord
242
Is the posterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord
No
243
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel
Posterior medullary feeder arteries
244
What forms arterial vasa Corona above C3
A median anterior spinal artery right and left posterior spinal artery's four communicating arteries
245
What is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord
Intra-medullary arteries
246
What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa Corona
Pial perforating arteries | central ventral sulcal perforating arteries
247
What arterial vasa Corona up branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord
Ventral central sulcal perforating arteries
248
What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa Corona
Anterior medullary feeder | posterior medullary feeder
249
What vessels drain the spinal cord
Pial veins
250
What will pial veins drain into
Venus vasa Corona
251
What vessels form the Venous vasa Corona
Right and left anterior longitudinal veins right and left posterior longitudinal veins four communicating veins
252
Which vessels will drain the Venous vasa Corona
Anterior medullary veins | posterior medullary veins
253
What vessel will drain the dorsal posterior nerve root ganglion
Posterior radicular veins
254
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior Internal vertebral venous plexus Basivertebral vain
255
What veins are observed an epidural space near the ligamentum Flavum
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
256
What Venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral veins
257
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal Medulla or medulla spinalis)
Dura matter arachnoid matter Pia matter
258
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space
Interstitial fluid
259
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus anterior internal vertebral venous plexus Basivertebral vein re-current meningeal sinu-vertebral sinus vertebral nerve Hoffman anterior Dural meningeal vertebral ligaments
260
Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus posterior Internal vertebral venous plexus ligamentum Flavum
261
What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid
262
What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia matter along the spinal cord
Dentate Denticulate ligament
263
What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal cord
They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
264
In the horizontal view what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest
Transverse
265
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations in the name given to each
C3 through T1 the cervical enlargement | T9 through T 12 the lumbar lumbosacral enlargement
266
Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord
C6
267
In which plane or direction will the diameter of the spinal decrease from C-2 through T1
Mid sagittal or anterior posterior plane
268
What spinal nerves originate from the lumbar lumbosacral enlargement
L1 through S3 spinal nerves
269
What is a generic cord level of origin vertebral level combination for the Lumbar lumbosacral enlargement
L1 L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra L3 L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra L5 S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra S2 S3 cord levels in T 12 vertebra
270
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called
Conus medullaris
271
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris
Typically S4 S5 Co1
272
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed
L1
273
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1
Cauda equina
274
What is the continuation of Pia matter below the conus medullaris called
Filum terminale internum
275
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column
Typically S2, the dural cul de sac
276
Neural tissue has been identified in which part of the filum terminale
Proximal part of the filum terminale internum
277
What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum
It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4
278
What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale externum appear to innervate
Lower limbs and the Extertal anal sphincter
279
The last arterial vasa Corona creates which feature on angiogram
Cruciate anastomosis
280
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2
Filum Terminale externum
281
What is the name given to the Caudal attachment of the meninges
Coccygeal medullary vestige
282
What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 in the filum terminale is thickened
Tethered cord syndrome
283
What are the four basic tissues of the human body
Epithelial Neural Muscle Connective
284
What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome
It is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord
285
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic Intravertebral foramen
The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple in example T3 nerve exits the vertebral Intervertebral foramen formed by T3 T4 and rib four joints with this vertebral couple
286
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebra
Ant bear | three toed sloth
287
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae
Two toed sloth | Manatee
288
Which vertebra are typical cervical's
C3 C4 C5 C6
289
What vertebra are a typical cervical's
C1 C2 C7
290
What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebra body from the cranial view
Rectangular
291
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view
Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
292
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on an osseous feature
Posterior or kyphotic
293
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve
The inter-vertebral disc height
294
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve
Anterior or lordotic
295
At which vertebral couple with the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height
C5 C6
296
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body
It diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
297
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
Anterior groove posterior groove right and left uncinate processes
298
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim
``` Uncinate process unciform process Uncovertebral process uncus lateral lip ```
299
At what developmental age well the uncinate process first be observed
3rd to 4th fetal month
300
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
Anterior lip posterior lip right and left lateral grooves
301
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip anterior groove articulation
Fibrous Amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
302
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process lateral groove articulation
Modified synovial saddle diarthrosis sellar
303
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone intravertebral disc articulation
Cartilaginous amphiarthrosis symphysis
304
How many joint surfaces are present an upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body
5
305
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical
10
306
What is the name given to the uncinate process lateral groove articulation
Joint of luschka or uncovertebral joint
307
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka
It appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion extension and requiring coupled motion axial rotation with lateral bending in the cervical spine
308
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body
The longus colli muscle
309
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical
Posterolateral 45°
310
At what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach
To the side and in the center of the vertebral body
311
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical
Fibrous amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
312
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature
Para articular processes
313
Ossification on the ligamentum Flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone
Accessory bone
314
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of the typical cervical vertebra
Heart shaped or triangular
315
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervical's
Transverse
316
What soft tissue diameter mimics the outline of the typical cervical vertebral foramen
The transverse diameter of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
317
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at
C6
318
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple
C5 C6
319
List in order the Osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body
``` Costal element anterior tubercle costotransverse bar posterior tubercle true transverse process ```
320
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra
Anterior scalene longus capitis longus colli anterior intertransversarii
321
What muscles may attached to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra
``` Splenius cervisis iliocostalis cervisis longissimus cervisis levator scapula middle scalene posterior scalene rotators posterior intertransversarii ```
322
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar
Middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
323
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions
Cervical spinal nerves as they directed anterolateral and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
324
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar
Sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
325
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process
60° anterolateral from the mid sagittal plane | 15° inferiorly from the horizontal plane
326
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process
The carotid tubercle
327
What will cause remodeling on the anterior tubercle at C6
The common carotid artery
328
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen
The vertebral artery vertebral venous plexus postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
329
What is the name of the surface feature observed between ends of the articular pillar
The groove sulcus for the dorsal Ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
330
What is the classic angulation of a typical cervical articular facet
40 to 45° from the coronal plane
331
Recent work suggest that angulation for typical cervical articular facets
55 to 60°
332
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet
Bum backward upward medial
333
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet
Fold forward lateral downward
334
What muscles will attached to the cervical articular processes
``` Longissimus capitis Longissimus cervisis Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervisis Multifidus Rotators ```
335
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of the cervical zygapophysis
Semispinalis capitis Multifidus Rotator longus
336
What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis
Synovial plane diarthrosis arthrodia joint
337
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine
Meniscoidal folds

Spinal Anatomy Summer 2015 (67 decks)

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