Exam 1 Questions Flashcards
what is the function of each type of bone cell?
osteoblast- form bone
osteocyte- maintain or bone nurturing
osteoclast- bone remodeling
what are the bone cells embedded in?
an amorphous matrix consisting of various minerals, protein fibers, and ground substance
what is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
chondroitin sulfate
keratin sulfate
hyaluronic acid
what is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?
collagen type I
what is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
lead radium strontium sodium magnesium flouride
what is Wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?
living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
what are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as living?
it has the ability to heal
to remodel under stressors
to age
what is bone the embryological derivative of?
Mesenchyme or cartilage
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
intramembranous ossification
what is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the 2nd to 3rd month in utero
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
endochondral ossification
what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
from the 2nd month to 5th month in utero
what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
chondrocranium
which skull bones are ossified by both enochondral and intramembranous ossification?
mandible
sphenoid
temporal
occipital
which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both enodochondral and intramembranous ossification?
clavicle
what is the name given to the fibrocellular lining of bone?
endosteum
what is the name given to the outer fibrocellular covering of bone?
periosteum
what is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?
subchondral bone
what are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
primary centers- appears before birth
secondary centers- appears after birth
what are the four basic tissues of the human body?
epithelial
muscular
neural
connective
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
Sexual dimorphism gender variation
ontogenic variation growth or age variation
geographic or population-based variation ethnic variation
Idiosyncratic variation individual variation
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
Long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones Paranasal sinus pneumatic bone sesamoid bones
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal II?
Heterotopic and accessory bone
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
Heterotopic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
Accessory bone
What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?
The diaphysis shaft and typically two epiphyses extremities
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
They are essentially cuboidal
What are examples of short bones?
Most of the bones of the carpus and Tarsus
What are examples of flat bones?
The parietal bone and sternum
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
Frontal ethmoid maxilla Sphenoid Temporal
What bones contain paranasal sinuses?
Frontal
ethmoid
maxilla
Sphenoid
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
The bone develops within a tendon
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
Patella and pisiform
What are examples of heterotopic bones?
Calcific deposits in the Pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
What are examples of accessory bones?
Para articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
Elevations
depressions
tunnels or passageways
facets
What are types of osseous elevations?
Linear
rounded
sharp
What are types of osseous linear elevation?
Line
Ridge
crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
Tubercle protuberance trochanter tuber tuberosity malleolus
What is the definition of an osseous trochanter?
A large blunt projection from the surface of bone with a significant base and height
What is the definition of an osseous malleolus?
A hammerhead like elevation on the surface of bone
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
Spine and process
What is the definition of an osseous elevation called spine?
A thorn like elevation from the surface of bone
What is the definition of an osseous process?
A relatively sharp bony projection from the surface of bone with an increased length
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions
Notch or incisure
groove
sulcus
What is the definition of an osseous groove
A long furrow of variable depth on the surface of the bone
What is the definition of an osseous sulcus
A wide groove of variable length and depth on the surface of bone
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions
Fovea and fossa
What is the definition of an osseous fovea
A shallow depression a variable circumference on the surface of bone
What is the definition of an osseous fossa
A deep depression a variable circumference on the surface of bone
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone
Ostium or orifice
hiatus
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus
An irregular opening on the surface of bone
What are the names giving to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone
Foramen or canal
What is the definition of an osseous Foramen
And ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
What is the definition of an osseous canal
And ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind ended passageway
Meatus
What is the definition of an osseous Fissure
An irregular slit like or crack like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones
What are the categories of osseous facets
Flat facets
rounded facets
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets
Articular heads and articular condyles
What bones form the axial skeleton
Skull hyoid vertebral column sternum ribs
What is the name given to the adults skull minus the mandible
Cranium
What are the names given to the top of the adults skull
Calvaria or Calva
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull
28 bones
What bones form the Neurocranium of the typical adult skull
Frontal parietal temporal occipital Sphenoid ethmoid
How many bones formed the typical adult neurocranium
8 bones
How many bones form the facial skeleton splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton
14 bones
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column
Spine
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adults spine
24 bones
What is the definition of spine as it pertains to the vertebral column
The pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum
1 bone
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum
Manubrium sterni
corpus sterni
xiphoid process
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton
12 pair or 24 ribs
What is the term used to identify the study of joints
Arthrology
What is the term used to identify the study of ligaments
Syndesmology
What are the three histological classifications of joints
Fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial fluid
What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally align during closure of the mouth
Malocclusion
What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of syndesmosis
Interosseous ligament
What are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column
Most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacral iliac joints
What are the characteristics of the amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
They are primary Cartilage joints
temporary in Longevity
composed of hyaline Cartilage
form between ossification centers within a Cartilage template
What are examples of temporary Cartilage joints
Metaphysis
Neurocentral joint
Neuroarch joint
chondrocranium
What are examples of permanent amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
Costochondral joints or the first sterno chondral joint
Which Cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary
Amphiarthrosis symphysis
What type of cartilage is characteristic of the amphiarthrosis symphysis
Fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
What are the characteristics of an amphiarthrosis symphysis
Limited motion
median plane location
support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint
more permanent in Longevity then synchondrosis
they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
What are the classic examples of an Amphiarthrosis symphysis
Intervertebral disc
pubic symphysis
sternal symphysis
symphysis menti
Which example of an Amphiarthrosis Symphysis is temporary
symphysis menti
What are the four consistent features of synovial diarthrosis joints
Articular or fibrous capsule
synovial membrane
articular Cartilage
synovial fluid
Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the
Capsular ligament
What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament
Intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
What are the characteristics of the type one articular receptors
Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule
resemble Ruffini endings
most numerous in cervical zygapophysis
they monitor the joint at rest
What are the characteristics of type two articular receptors
Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule
resemble Pacinian corpuscles
most numerous in the cervical spine
monitor the joint during normal range of motion
What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors
Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments
resemble golgi tendon organs
not initially observed along the vertebral column
monitor extreme joint motion
what is the function of type IV articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?
fibroud capsule, articular fat pads, or adventitia of blood vessels
Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
Type IV articular receptors would be absent in what parts of the synovial diarthrosis joint?
synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs
what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
synovial villi
articular fat pads or haversian glands
synovial menisci and intra-articular glands
what is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membranes?
aid in spreading synovial fluid
where are the articular fat pads located?
in the fibrous layer of synovial membrane; they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intra- articular disc
articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
lumbar zygapophyses
intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
temporomandibular
sternoclavicular
acromioclavicular
radio-ulnar
synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
femur-tibia articulation
cerivcal zygopophyses
lumbar zygopophyses
what are the layers of the synovial membrane?
outer fibrous layer and an inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima
what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
are phagocytic
what is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyalouronic acid
what is the source of nutrition for articular cartilage?
blood vessels in the synovial membrane, sinuses of the bone marrow cavity and from synovial fluid itself
which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
type II
what are proteoglycans composed of?
a core protein and glycosaminoglycans
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
cartilage is able to change shape due to a compression, a characteristic known as
deformation
what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
what is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
weeping theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
boosted theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies an adsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low friction observed during movement
boundary theory
what are the properties of synovial fluid
it is yellow-white,viscous, slightly alkaline, and tastes salty
which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior
hyaluronate
what substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior
lubricin
what is simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)
only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed
what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra articular disc) or meniscus
what are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthroses) based on type of movement?
nonaxial uniaxial biaxial multiaxial (ALL SYNOVIAL JOINTS)
what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial
hinge(diarthrosis ginglymus)
pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial
(diarthrosis) bicondylar
(diarthrosis) condylar
(diarthrosis) ellipsoidal
saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial
ball and socket
(diarthrosis enarthrosis)
(diarthrosis spheroidal)
(diarthrosis cotyloid)
are all classifications given to the same joint
what are examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints
median atlanto-axial joint
proximal radio-ulnar joint
what are examples of diarthosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joint
temporomandibular joint
femur-tibia joint of the knee
what are examples of diarthosis ellipsoidal joints
radiocarpal joint of the wrist
metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand
metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot
atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
what are examples of synovial saddle (diarthosis sellar) joints
carpometacarpal joints of the thumb
talocrural joint of the ankle
calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
what are examples of diarthosis cotyloid joints
femur-acetabulum of innominate articulation at the hip
humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent
33 segments
what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult
26 segments
what constitutes the spine
24 presacral segments, cervical, thoracic, lumbar
how many segments unite to form the typical sacrum
5 segments
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx
4 segments
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae
The two toed sloth
Manitee
ant bear
three toed sloth
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae
Ant bear
three toed sloth
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae
Manitee
Two toed sloth
What does the term cervical refer to
The region of the neck
What does the term thoracic refer to
Breast plate or chest
it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest
Dorsal segments
the dorsal’s
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region
12 segments
What does the term lumbar refer to
The loin
the region between the rib and the hip
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region
Five segments
What does the term sacrum refer to
The holy bone or holy region
What does the term coccyx refer to
A cuckoo birds bill or cuckoo birds beak
What is the length of a typical male spinal column
About 70 cm or 28 inches
What is the length of a typical female spinal column
About 60 cm or 25 inches
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column
About 3 inches
What is the length of the male cervical region both measurements
About 12 cm or 5 inches
What is the length of my male thoracic region both measurements
About 28 cm or 11 inches
What is the length of a male lumbar region both measurements
About 18 cm or 7 inches
What is the length of the male sacrum both measurements
About 12 cm or 5 inches
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column what is the length of the male spine both measurements
About 58 cm or 23 inches
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weigh bearing transfer
S1 through S3 at the auricular surface
What organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull
That Eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure
Notochord
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column
Para axial mesoderm
what embryonic structure gives rise to somites
paraxial mesoderm
name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite
sclerotome
myotome
dermatome
what are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during developmental
membranous
cartilaginous
skeletal or osseous
migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature
the perichordal blastema
the perichondral blastema gives rise to what processes
neural processes and costal processes
what is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichondral blastemae
intersegmental artery
what forms between the sclerotomites of a perichondral blastema
the intrasclerotome fissure (fissure of von ebner)
the intrasclerotome fissure (fissure of von ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature
the perichondral
the union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclertomite from adjacent perichondral blastemae gives rise to what feature
the vertebral blastema
what vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema
the segmental artery
when will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema
beginning in the 6th embryonic week
what is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage
chondrification
what are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema
centrum center
neural arch center
transverse process center
how many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema
six…2 for the centrum
2 for the neural arches
2 for each transverse process
what is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra
during the 7th embryonic week
what is the name given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance
primary centers appear in utero
secondary centers appear after birth
what is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra
3 primary centers
5 secondary centers
what are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra
centrum centers and neural arch centers
what are the names locations of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical
tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
what is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra
during puberty, typical ages 11-16 year olds
what is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine
cervical- rectangular
thoracic- triangular
lumbar- reniform
what is the given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body
superior epiphyseal plate
inferior epiphyseal plate
what large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body
the basivertebral venous foramen
what is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular processes attach
the lamina- pedicle junction
what is the generic orientation of the pericle at each region of the spine
cervical- posterolateral
thoracic- posterior, slight lateral
lumbar- posterior
All lamina are oriented and what direction
Posterior and median
What ligament will attach to the lamina
The ligamentum flavum
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of ligamentum flavum
Para articular process
What classification of bone will Para articular processes represent
Accessory bone
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on x-ray
Shingling
What is the name given to the lamina pedicle Junction at each region of the spine
Cervical articular pillar
thoracic and lumbar pars inter-articularis
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch spinous process on lateral x-ray
The spinolaminar junction
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine
The transverse apophysis or transverse process
articular apophysis or articular process
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine
Cervical anterolateral
thoracic posterolateral
lumbar lateral
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process
The transverse tubercle
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter it’s initial direction in the cervical region
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
What will cause the transverse process transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region
The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
What is the name given to the joint form between articular facets of the vertebral couple
The zygapophysis
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis
The superior articular process or superior articular apophysis
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post zygapophysis
The inferior articular process or inferior articular apophysis
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The inferior articular process post zygapophysis
the superior articular process pre-zygapophysis
the capsular ligament
the ligamentum flavum
What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The vertebral body of the segment above
the vertebral body of the segment below
the intravertebral disc
the posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process spinous apophysis
Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophysis as seen on x-ray
Imbrication
What is the orientation of the spinous process spinous apophysis at each region of the spine
Cervical slight angle inferior
thoracic noticeable angle inferiorly
lumbar no inferior angle
What is the typical shape outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column vertebral column
Cervical triangular
thoracic oval
lumbar triangular
sacrum triangular
At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate
L1
It would vertebral level will the dural sack typically terminate
S2
Identify all segmental arteries
Vertebral ascending cervical deep cervical superior highest intercostal posterior intercostal subcostal lumbar iliolumbar lateral sacral median middle sacral
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine
Vertebral artery
ascending cervical artery
deep cervical artery
What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine
Deep cervical artery
superior highest intercostal artery
posterior intercostal artery
subcostal artery
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine
Lumbar arteries
iliolumbar artery
lateral sacral artery
median middle sacral artery
What are the saying mental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebrae
Iliolumbar artery
lateral sacral artery
median middle sacral artery
What are the segmental arteries of the sacrum
Iliolumbar Artery
Lateral sacral artery
median sacral artery
What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery
C-1 through C6
What segmental levels are supplied by the ascending cervical artery
C-1 through C6
What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery
C7 through T1
What segmental levels are supplied by the superior highest intercostal artery
T1 and T2
What Segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery
T3 through T11
What segmental levels are supplied by the subcostal artery
T 12
What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries
L1 through L4
What are the segmental levels supplied by the
median sacral artery
iliolumbar artery
lateral sacral artery
L5
S1 through S5
coccyx
What’s vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it
L5
What are the segmental arteries for L5
Iliolumbar artery
median middle sacral artery
lateral sacral artery
What branch of the segmental artery supplies the vertebra and paravertebral region
Dorsospinal artery
Which branch of the dorsospinal artery will penetrate the meninges to enter subarachnoid space
Spinal artery
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space
Osseous arteries
anterior spinal canal artery
posterior spinal canal artery
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
What arteries are observed an epidural space near the ligamentum flavum
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space
Anterior radicular artery
posterior ridiculous artery
anterior medullary feeder artery
posterior medullary fear artery
Which vessel will supply the ventral anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root
Anterior radicular artery
Which vessel will supply the dorsal posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root, and nerve root ganglion
posterior radicular artery
What location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult
9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length
Anterior spinal artery
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery
The vertebral artery
Is the anterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord
No
As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord what arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
The posterior spinal cord is a branch of which artery
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord
It lies in the posterior lateral sulcus along the spinal cord
Is the posterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord
No
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel
Posterior medullary feeder arteries
What forms arterial vasa Corona above C3
A median anterior spinal artery
right and left posterior spinal artery’s
four communicating arteries
What is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord
Intra-medullary arteries
What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa Corona
Pial perforating arteries
central ventral sulcal perforating arteries
What arterial vasa Corona up branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord
Ventral central sulcal perforating arteries
What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa Corona
Anterior medullary feeder
posterior medullary feeder
What vessels drain the spinal cord
Pial veins
What will pial veins drain into
Venus vasa Corona
What vessels form the Venous vasa Corona
Right and left anterior longitudinal veins
right and left posterior longitudinal veins
four communicating veins
Which vessels will drain the Venous vasa Corona
Anterior medullary veins
posterior medullary veins
What vessel will drain the dorsal posterior nerve root ganglion
Posterior radicular veins
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior Internal vertebral venous plexus Basivertebral vain
What veins are observed an epidural space near the ligamentum Flavum
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
What Venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral veins
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal Medulla or medulla spinalis)
Dura matter
arachnoid matter
Pia matter
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space
Interstitial fluid
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
re-current meningeal sinu-vertebral sinus vertebral nerve
Hoffman anterior Dural meningeal vertebral ligaments
Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
posterior Internal vertebral venous plexus
ligamentum Flavum
What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia matter along the spinal cord
Dentate Denticulate ligament
What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal cord
They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
In the horizontal view what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest
Transverse
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations in the name given to each
C3 through T1 the cervical enlargement
T9 through T 12 the lumbar lumbosacral enlargement
Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord
C6
In which plane or direction will the diameter of the spinal decrease from C-2 through T1
Mid sagittal or anterior posterior plane
What spinal nerves originate from the lumbar lumbosacral enlargement
L1 through S3 spinal nerves
What is a generic cord level of origin vertebral level combination for the Lumbar lumbosacral enlargement
L1 L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra
L3 L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra
L5 S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra
S2 S3 cord levels in T 12 vertebra
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called
Conus medullaris
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris
Typically
S4
S5
Co1
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed
L1
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1
Cauda equina
What is the continuation of Pia matter below the conus medullaris called
Filum terminale internum
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column
Typically S2, the dural cul de sac
Neural tissue has been identified in which part of the filum terminale
Proximal part of the filum terminale internum
What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum
It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4
What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale externum appear to innervate
Lower limbs and the Extertal anal sphincter
The last arterial vasa Corona creates which feature on angiogram
Cruciate anastomosis
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2
Filum Terminale externum
What is the name given to the Caudal attachment of the meninges
Coccygeal medullary vestige
What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 in the filum terminale is thickened
Tethered cord syndrome
What are the four basic tissues of the human body
Epithelial
Neural
Muscle
Connective
What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome
It is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic Intravertebral foramen
The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple
in example T3 nerve exits the vertebral Intervertebral foramen formed by T3 T4 and rib four joints with this vertebral couple
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebra
Ant bear
three toed sloth
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae
Two toed sloth
Manatee
Which vertebra are typical cervical’s
C3
C4
C5
C6
What vertebra are a typical cervical’s
C1
C2
C7
What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebra body from the cranial view
Rectangular
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view
Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on an osseous feature
Posterior or kyphotic
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve
The inter-vertebral disc height
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve
Anterior or lordotic
At which vertebral couple with the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height
C5 C6
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body
It diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
Anterior groove
posterior groove
right and left uncinate processes
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim
Uncinate process unciform process Uncovertebral process uncus lateral lip
At what developmental age well the uncinate process first be observed
3rd to 4th fetal month
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
Anterior lip
posterior lip
right and left lateral grooves
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip anterior groove articulation
Fibrous Amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process lateral groove articulation
Modified synovial saddle diarthrosis sellar
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone intravertebral disc articulation
Cartilaginous amphiarthrosis symphysis
How many joint surfaces are present an upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body
5
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical
10
What is the name given to the uncinate process lateral groove articulation
Joint of luschka or uncovertebral joint
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka
It appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion extension and requiring coupled motion axial rotation with lateral bending in the cervical spine
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body
The longus colli muscle
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical
Posterolateral 45°
At what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach
To the side and in the center of the vertebral body
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical
Fibrous amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature
Para articular processes
Ossification on the ligamentum Flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone
Accessory bone
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of the typical cervical vertebra
Heart shaped or triangular
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervical’s
Transverse
What soft tissue diameter mimics the outline of the typical cervical vertebral foramen
The transverse diameter of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at
C6
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple
C5 C6
List in order the Osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body
Costal element anterior tubercle costotransverse bar posterior tubercle true transverse process
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra
Anterior scalene
longus capitis
longus colli
anterior intertransversarii
What muscles may attached to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra
Splenius cervisis iliocostalis cervisis longissimus cervisis levator scapula middle scalene posterior scalene rotators posterior intertransversarii
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar
Middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions
Cervical spinal nerves as they directed anterolateral and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar
Sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process
60° anterolateral from the mid sagittal plane
15° inferiorly from the horizontal plane
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process
The carotid tubercle
What will cause remodeling on the anterior tubercle at C6
The common carotid artery
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen
The vertebral artery
vertebral venous plexus
postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What is the name of the surface feature observed between ends of the articular pillar
The groove sulcus for the dorsal Ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
What is the classic angulation of a typical cervical articular facet
40 to 45° from the coronal plane
Recent work suggest that angulation for typical cervical articular facets
55 to 60°
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet
Bum backward upward medial
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet
Fold forward lateral downward
What muscles will attached to the cervical articular processes
Longissimus capitis Longissimus cervisis Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervisis Multifidus Rotators
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of the cervical zygapophysis
Semispinalis capitis
Multifidus
Rotator longus
What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis
Synovial plane diarthrosis arthrodia joint
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine
Meniscoidal folds
