Exam 1: carcinogenesis Flashcards
neoplasm
“new growth”
tumor
not all tumors are what
cancer
neoplasm characteristics
- do not obey laws of normal cell growth
- continue to grow at expense of host
Cancers cells exhibit autonomy meaning
independent from normal cellular control
anaplasia
loss of differentiation or specialization (do not function for specific reasons)
Benign cancer or not?
NOT cancer
how are benign tumors named
tissue of origin and + oma
malignant
cancer
cell differentation
normal process of developing specialized functions and organization
describe benign tumors
- well encapsulated
- well differentiated
- retain some normal tissue structure
- dont spread to lymph nodes or distant locations
describe cancer
- not encapsulated
- poorly/undifferentiated
- absence of normal tissue structure
- spread to other tissues, lymph nodes or distant locations
- rapid growth
inherited mutations
mutations occur in germ cells (gametes) and are given to child
PASSED ON
non-inherited mutation
occur in somatic cells as they divide over a persons life
oncogene
mutant gene that promotes cancer cell growth
tumor suppressor gene
normally regulates or slows down proliferation (growth)
normally active… sometimes turned off
proto-oncogene
- an oncogene in its non-mutated state
- promotes normal cellular growth
biggest risk factor for cancer
age
mutations that create/activate oncogenes
- point mutations
- chromosome translocations
- chromosome amplifications
point mutations
- small DNA changes
- most common
- 1+ base pairs changed
chromosome translocations
- translocation of the genetic material causes excess production of factors that leads to proliferation
- translocation leads to production of new proteins that have growth promoting properties
chromosome amplifications
repeated duplication of a small piece of chromosome which leads to increased expression of oncogene
viral and bacterial causes of cancer:
viral: HBV, HCV, herpis, HPV
bacterial: H.. Pylori
environmental agents of cancer
- chemical- smoking, asbestos
2. physical-UVB, radiation
grade 1
well differentiated
tumore closely resembles tissue of origin and thus retains some specialized functions
grade II
moderately differentiated
tumor has less resemblance to tissue of origin, more variation in size and shape of tumor cells, increased mitosis
grade III
poorly to very poorly differentiated
tumor does not closely resemble tissue of origin, much variation in size shape of cells and greatly increased mitosis
grade IV
very poorly differentiated
tumor has no resemblance to tissue of origin, great variation in size shape of cells
T
primary tumor
N
regional lymph nodes
M
distant metastasis
Tx
tumor cannot be assessed
TO
no evidence of primary tumor
TIS
carcinoma in situ
T1, T2, T3
progressive increase in tumor size or involvement
Nx
regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
NO
no evidence of regional node metastasis
N1, N2, N3
increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes
Mx
not assessed
MO
no distant metasasis
M1
distant mets present, specify sites
pathways of metastasis
- direct invasion and extension
- seeding of cancer cells within body cavities
- spread through blood or lymph pathways
pain with cancer due to
pressure obstruction stretching tissue destruction inflammation bone metastasis treatments
cachexia with cancer due to
anorexia fullness weight loss anemia weakness altered taste treatments malabsorption
anemia with cancer due to
chronic bleeding iron deficiency severe malnutrition bone marrow involvement treatments
leukopenia/thrombocytopenia with cancer due to
bone marrow involvement
treatment
infection with cancer due to
decreased WBC
decreased immune function
treatments
nosocomial
NADIR
time when bone marrow activity and WBC are lowest after chemotherapy
usually 7-14 days after chemo
at risk of :
fatigue
infection
bleeding
hypercalcemia with cancer
due to bony metastases or PTH secreting tumors
clinical mani of hypercalcemia with cancer
R/T loss of membrane excitability:
- fatigue
- anorexia
- loss of DTR’s
- ECG changes
tumor lysis syndrome: chemo and radiation can lead to
- destruction of tumor cells 2. cell contents spill into Blood stream
- accumulation of K, purines, phosphorus
what is the end result from lysis syndrome
- hyperkalemia
- hyperurisemia
- hyperphospuria
