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Patho II > Exam 1: carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Exam 1: carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasm

A

“new growth”

tumor

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2
Q

not all tumors are what

A

cancer

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3
Q

neoplasm characteristics

A
  • do not obey laws of normal cell growth

- continue to grow at expense of host

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4
Q

Cancers cells exhibit autonomy meaning

A

independent from normal cellular control

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5
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation or specialization (do not function for specific reasons)

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6
Q

Benign cancer or not?

A

NOT cancer

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7
Q

how are benign tumors named

A

tissue of origin and + oma

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8
Q

malignant

A

cancer

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9
Q

cell differentation

A

normal process of developing specialized functions and organization

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10
Q

describe benign tumors

A
  • well encapsulated
  • well differentiated
  • retain some normal tissue structure
  • dont spread to lymph nodes or distant locations
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11
Q

describe cancer

A
  • not encapsulated
  • poorly/undifferentiated
  • absence of normal tissue structure
  • spread to other tissues, lymph nodes or distant locations
  • rapid growth
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12
Q

inherited mutations

A

mutations occur in germ cells (gametes) and are given to child
PASSED ON

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13
Q

non-inherited mutation

A

occur in somatic cells as they divide over a persons life

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14
Q

oncogene

A

mutant gene that promotes cancer cell growth

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15
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

normally regulates or slows down proliferation (growth)

normally active… sometimes turned off

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16
Q

proto-oncogene

A
  • an oncogene in its non-mutated state

- promotes normal cellular growth

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17
Q

biggest risk factor for cancer

A

age

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18
Q

mutations that create/activate oncogenes

A
  1. point mutations
  2. chromosome translocations
  3. chromosome amplifications
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19
Q

point mutations

A
  • small DNA changes
  • most common
  • 1+ base pairs changed
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20
Q

chromosome translocations

A
  1. translocation of the genetic material causes excess production of factors that leads to proliferation
  2. translocation leads to production of new proteins that have growth promoting properties
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21
Q

chromosome amplifications

A

repeated duplication of a small piece of chromosome which leads to increased expression of oncogene

22
Q

viral and bacterial causes of cancer:

A

viral: HBV, HCV, herpis, HPV
bacterial: H.. Pylori

23
Q

environmental agents of cancer

A
  1. chemical- smoking, asbestos

2. physical-UVB, radiation

24
Q

grade 1

A

well differentiated

tumore closely resembles tissue of origin and thus retains some specialized functions

25
Q

grade II

A

moderately differentiated

tumor has less resemblance to tissue of origin, more variation in size and shape of tumor cells, increased mitosis

26
Q

grade III

A

poorly to very poorly differentiated

tumor does not closely resemble tissue of origin, much variation in size shape of cells and greatly increased mitosis

27
Q

grade IV

A

very poorly differentiated

tumor has no resemblance to tissue of origin, great variation in size shape of cells

28
Q

T

A

primary tumor

29
Q

N

A

regional lymph nodes

30
Q

M

A

distant metastasis

31
Q

Tx

A

tumor cannot be assessed

32
Q

TO

A

no evidence of primary tumor

33
Q

TIS

A

carcinoma in situ

34
Q

T1, T2, T3

A

progressive increase in tumor size or involvement

35
Q

Nx

A

regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

36
Q

NO

A

no evidence of regional node metastasis

37
Q

N1, N2, N3

A

increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes

38
Q

Mx

A

not assessed

39
Q

MO

A

no distant metasasis

40
Q

M1

A

distant mets present, specify sites

41
Q

pathways of metastasis

A
  • direct invasion and extension
  • seeding of cancer cells within body cavities
  • spread through blood or lymph pathways
42
Q

pain with cancer due to

A 
pressure
obstruction
stretching
tissue destruction
inflammation
bone metastasis
treatments
43
Q

cachexia with cancer due to

A 
anorexia
fullness
weight loss
anemia
weakness
altered taste
treatments
malabsorption
44
Q

anemia with cancer due to

A 
chronic bleeding
iron deficiency
severe malnutrition
bone marrow involvement 
treatments
45
Q

leukopenia/thrombocytopenia with cancer due to

A

bone marrow involvement

treatment

46
Q

infection with cancer due to

A

decreased WBC
decreased immune function
treatments
nosocomial

47
Q

NADIR

A

time when bone marrow activity and WBC are lowest after chemotherapy

usually 7-14 days after chemo

at risk of :
fatigue
infection
bleeding

48
Q

hypercalcemia with cancer

A

due to bony metastases or PTH secreting tumors

49
Q

clinical mani of hypercalcemia with cancer

A

R/T loss of membrane excitability:

  • fatigue
  • anorexia
  • loss of DTR’s
  • ECG changes
50
Q

tumor lysis syndrome: chemo and radiation can lead to

A
  1. destruction of tumor cells 2. cell contents spill into Blood stream
  2. accumulation of K, purines, phosphorus
51
Q

what is the end result from lysis syndrome

A
  • hyperkalemia
  • hyperurisemia
  • hyperphospuria

Patho II (23 decks)

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