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Patho II > E2: online hematologic > Flashcards

E2: online hematologic Flashcards

1
Q

anemia definition

A

reduced circulationg erythrocytes (RBC) and or decreased hemoblibin

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2
Q

normocytic

A

normal RBC size

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3
Q

microcytic

A

small RBC

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4
Q

macrocytic

A

Large RBC

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5
Q

normochromic

A

normal hemoglobin

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6
Q

hypochromic

A

low concentration of hemoglobin

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7
Q

hyperchromic

A

high concentrations of hemoglobin

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8
Q

etiologies of anemia

A
  • altered production
  • blood loss
  • increased destruction
  • combination of the above
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9
Q

clinical mani of anemia

A
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
  • fainting
  • lethargy
  • increased RR
  • decreased hemoglobin
  • paleness of ear lobes, conjunctiva and palms
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10
Q

if the clinical mani of anemia are allowed to continue, what happens

A

may have cardiac, renal and other systemic results

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11
Q

how are the clinical manifestations of anemia classified

A

according to cause or changes in erythrocytes

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12
Q

what are the 5 types of anemia classified as normocytic-normochromic

A
  1. aplastic
  2. post-hemorrhagic
  3. hemolytic
  4. anemia associated with chronic inflammation
  5. sickle-cell anemia
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13
Q

aplastic anemia

A

insufficient number of RBCs

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14
Q

aplastic anemia results from

A
  • abnormal stem cell production
  • infliltratiove disorders of bone marrow
  • altered stem cell environment
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15
Q

etiologies of aplastic anemia

A
  • drug-chloramphenical
  • benzene
  • toxins
  • radiation
  • immunologic injury to bone marrow
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16
Q

post hemmorhagic anemia

A

loss of RBC’s

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17
Q

what causes post hemmorhagic anemia

A
  • shock
  • lactic acidosis
  • death
  • if blood loss of 40-50%
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18
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

premature descruction of RBC’s

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19
Q

what causes hemolytic anemia

A
  • infectoins
  • drugs
  • toxins
  • systemic diseases
  • liver or kidney diseases
  • can be hereditary
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20
Q

what are the two hemolytic diseases of newborns

A
  • ABO incompatability

- Rh incompatability

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21
Q

ABO incompatability

A
  • mother is type O

- Baby is either A, B or AB

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22
Q

Rh incompatability

A
  • mother Rh neg

- infant if Rh positive

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23
Q

anemia associated with chronic inflammation increases

A

demand for erythrocytes

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24
Q

when is anemia associated with chronic inflammation seen

A
  • HIV
  • inflammatory diseases like lupus and rheumatic fever
  • in chronic renal failure
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25
Q

why is anemia associated with chronic inflammation seen in chronic renal failure

A

the kidneys do not produce erythropoietin so that can lead to chronic anemia

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26
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

abnormal shaped RBC and abnormal hemoglobin synthesis

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27
Q

cause of sickle-cell

A

autosomal recessive disorder seen in persons from equatorial countries

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28
Q

incidence of sickle-cell

A
  • in the us seen mostly if blacks
  • 7-13% chance of having trait
  • .7% chance of having disease
29
Q

etiology of sickle cell disease

A

-Abnormal S hemoglobin which reacts to decreased O2 and dehydration. under normal conditions, no problems exist

30
Q

under what conditions does sickle cell cause problems

A
  • hypoxia (infections)
  • high altitude
  • exercising
  • flying in unpresssurized airplanes
31
Q

how does O2 play a role in sickle cell

A

when o2 concentration decreases, the RBC become sickled, non-flexible and stiff

32
Q

when sickle cells become sickled, what happens

A
  • occluded BV
  • increased viscosity
  • increased deoxygenation and infarction and pain
33
Q

when do sickle cells go back to normal

A

regain normal shape when reoxygenated and rehydrated

34
Q

when do clinical manifestations of sickling happen

A

until 6 months

35
Q

clinical mani of sickling

A
  • pallor
  • fatigue
  • jaundice
  • irritability
36
Q

what is vasoocclusive crisis

A

may occur if extensive sickling

-begins in micro circulation-log jam occurs causing thrombosis and tissue infarction if not corrected (severe pain)

37
Q

mani of vvasoocclusive crisis

A
  • painful swelling of jts, hands, feet
  • abdominal pain
  • enlarged liver and spleen due to RBC breakdown
38
Q

how long does a crisis last

A

4-6 days

39
Q

when does a crisis improve

A

with rehydration and reoxygenation

40
Q

anemia classified as macrocytic-normochromic

A

pernicious anemia

41
Q

macrocytic- normochromic

A
  • large abnormal RBC

- normal hemoglobin

42
Q

cause of pernicious anemia

A
  • decreased gastric secretion of intrinsic factor (absent) leads to malabsorption of vitamin b-12
  • decreased VB-12 leads to decreased erythrocyte production
  • the RBCs are abnormal and large (they die and that causes anemia)
43
Q

when is pernicious anemia mainly seen

A

late adult life but also in congenital form (before 2 yoa)

44
Q

microcytic-hypochromic

A

iron-deficiency anemia classified as microcytic-hypochromic

45
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

lack of iron for hemoglobin production

-most common type of anemia

46
Q

cause of iron deficiency enemia

A
  • continual blood loss

- insufficient dietary intake (most common anemia 6mo-2years because of increased iron needed for growth)

47
Q

stage one of iron def. anemia

A

body’s store of RBC are depleted

48
Q

stage 2 of iron def. anemia

A

insufficient iron, altered RBC’s are produced

49
Q

stage III iron def. anemia

A

hypochromic RBC’s put into circulation

50
Q

when do mani of iron def. anemia occur

A

develop slowly in stage III

51
Q

clinical mani of iron d anemia

A

-Children: pica, decreased growth or developmental delays

52
Q

hemophilia

A

genetic disease caused by deficiency of blood clotting factors essential for forming a clot

53
Q

factor 8 hemophilia A

A

classic hemophilia and most common type

  • X linked, recessive
  • occurs in males
  • passed on by females
54
Q

factor 9 hemophilia B

A

Christmas disease

  • x linked, recessive
  • less sever than HA
55
Q

vactor 11 hemophilia C

A

autosoma recessive, least severe type

56
Q

clinical mani of hemophilia

A
  • symptoms infrequent in first year of life
  • start seeing at age 3-4
  • may notice excessive bruising and bleeding when starting to walk or run
  • hemoarthrosis
  • recurrent bleeding after injury, minor trauma
57
Q

hemoarthrosis

A

hallmark of hemophilia

-into elbows, knees, ankles

58
Q

SE of hemoarthrosis

A

causes pain, limits movement, predisposes to degeneritive changes in joints

59
Q

leukemia

A

malignant disease of blood and blood-forming organs causing an accumulation of dysfunctional cells and loss of cell division regulations

60
Q

when is leukemia common

A
  • most common childhood cancer (33%)

- adults after 50+ in chronic form

61
Q

acute leukemia

A

-cell immiture (blast)

62
Q

onset of acute leukemia

A

rapid and abrupt

63
Q

survival time for acute leukemia

A

time may be short

64
Q

acute makes up what % of childrens leukemia

A

50%

65
Q

acute myelogenous (aml)

A

common adult type of acute leukemia

66
Q

chronic leukemia

A

cell mature but doesnt function normally

67
Q

onset of chronic leukemia

A

gradual, longer survival

68
Q

chronic lymphocytic

A

common adult type of chronic leukemia

69
Q

etiologies of keukemia

A
  • unknown
  • recur in families (2-4x if sibling has)
  • increased association with other genic abnormalities such as downs, fanconi syndrome
  • acquired disorders such as hodgkins, mm
  • CLL, CML may cause acute leukemias
  • larg edoses of ionizing radiation may cause myelogenous leukemia
  • drugs which cause bone marrow depression may predispose person to leukemia
  • high doses of chemo for hodgkins, mm and ovarian cancer may cause acute myelogenous leukemia
  • viruses cause leukemia in animals but not proven in humans yet

Patho II (23 decks)

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