EX2 S. pneumoniae, B. pertussis, L. pneumophila, and Mycobacterium - Daniels

Question 1

Strep pneumoniae is what gram stain, shape, oxygen level, spore, and capsule

Answer 1

gram +
diplococci
aerotolerant anaerobe
non-spore forming
encapsulated

Question 2

S. pneumoniae is the main cause of what

Answer 2

community-acquired pneumonia

Question 3

What are the results of hemolysis, catalase, and what is the test that presumptively identifies strep pneumonia

Answer 3

α-hemolysis (completely lyse)
catalase negative
optochin susceptibility identifies it

Question 4

What genre of people carry S. pneumoniae and how is it transmitted

Answer 4

young children; nasopharyngeal mucosa

transmission via respiratory secretion/hands

Question 5

What is the key location of entry for S. pneumoniae

Answer 5

lower airway

Question 6

What are some risk factors for a S. pneumoniae infection

Answer 6

viral infection
smoking
loss of consciousness
edema in lungs
high risk, age, demographics
season

Question 7

What are the four stages of pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae

Answer 7

1. alveoli fill with fluid
2. early consolidation phase
3. late consolidation phase
4. recovery phase

Question 8

What phase of pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae involves neutrophil inflammation

Answer 8

early consolidation phase

Question 9

What phase of pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae involves the alveoli becoming packed with neutrophils and the affected tissues become solid

Answer 9

late consolidation phase

Question 10

What is involved with the recover phase of S. pneumoniae infection

Answer 10

macrophages phagocytose debris

normal architecture is re-established

Question 11

What other diseases besides pneumonia does S. pneumoniae cause

Answer 11

otitis media
pleural effusion (fluid in chest)
bacteremia –> meninigitis

Question 12

What can you use to treat a S. pneumoniae infection

Answer 12

antibiotics; penicillins, macrolides, pluroquinolones

Question 13

True or False

There is a vaccine for S. pneumoniae, made of capsular antigens

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Legionella pneumophila is what gram, shape, oxygen level

Answer 14

gram -
pleomorphic rods
obligate aerobe

Question 15

What is special about L. pneumophila in regards to lab and identification

Answer 15

it is fastidious; requiring special conditions

requires cysteine

Question 16

L. pneumophila is a parasite of what

Answer 16

protozoa; biolfims

Question 17

True or False

L. pneumophila cannot withstand high temps

Answer 17

False; L. pneumophila can withstand up to 46° C

Question 18

True or Fales

You cannot spread L. pneumophila person to person (by cough)

Answer 18

True

Question 19

L. pneumophila bacteria are phagocytosed where and by what

Answer 19

they are phagocytosed in the alveoli by alveolar macrophages

Question 20

L. pneumophila virulent strains multiply where and cause what

Answer 20

multiply within autophagosomes (double membrane RER)

cause inflammation; acute bronchopneumonia

Question 21

Acute bronchpneumina caused by L. pneumophila can result to what

Answer 21

recruitment of more macrophages
abscess formation
suppurative (neutrophils)

Question 22

L. pneumophila induces what two immune responses

Answer 22

cell-mediated immune response

virulence/proimflammatory mechanism

Question 22

This includes the secretion of IFN-γ and causes iron sequestration; decreases replication of bacteria

Answer 22

cell-mediated immune response

Question 22

L. pneumophila has LPS and flagellin (virulence which allows survival in macrophages) which stimulates what

Answer 22

enhances inflammation via innate immune system

Question 22

Anti-microbial drugs are good with what

Answer 22

intracellular penetration

Question 22

True or False | Whopping cough is VERY contagious

Answer 22

True; 90% attack rate | one person can infect 12-15 others

Question 22

Bordatella bronchiseptica is what

Answer 22

canine infectious tracheobronchitis; kennel cough

Question 22

Penicillins are not effective against L. pneumophila why

Answer 22

they cannot achieve therapeutic concentration in the macrophages (where it festers)

Question 22

Bordetella pertussis (and parapertussis) are what gram, shape, and oxygen level

Answer 22

gram - rods obligate aerobe

Question 22

B. pertussis causes what fatal disease in infants

Answer 22

whopping cough

Question 22

Where is B. pertussis encountered, where does it enter, and where does it spread

Answer 22

encountered via infected people colonized the nasopharynx spreads to the trachea and bronchi

Question 22

What mechanism does B. pertussis use to spread

Answer 22

ciliary adherence via filamentous hemagglutinin, pili, and pertactin

Question 23

What toxins does B. pertussis contain

Answer 23

pertussis toxin adenylate cyclase/hemolysin endotoxin

Question 23

What does adenylate cyclase/hemolysin do

Answer 23

upregulates host cAMP which decreases neutrophil function, increases capillary permeability; resulting in edema

Question 23

What toxins does B. parapertussis

Answer 23

adenylate cyclase/hemolysin endotoxin (no pertussis toxin)

Question 23

What is the first stage of B. pertussis infection

Answer 23

catarrhal stage really bad runny nose; mistaken for a bad cold EXTREMELY CONTAGIOUS

Question 23

What is the second stage of B. pertussis infection

Answer 23

paroxysmal stage (cough)

Question 23

Why is laboratory diagnosis of pertussis tricky

Answer 23

fewer organisms shed in paroxysmal stage deep nasal swab or nasal flush diagnosable < 3 weeks of cough onset

Question 23

What is the main type of prevention against B. pertussis

Answer 23

vaccination dTAP Tdap

Question 24

What is the main component of B. pertussis vaccination

Answer 24

acellular pertussis

Question 25

Mycobacterium spp. cause what diseases

Answer 25

tuberculosis (M. bovis, M. avium-intracellulare) | leprosy (M. leprae)

Question 26

True or False | M. tuberculosis is highly contagious

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Opportunistic disease is caused by what

Answer 27

rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM)

Question 28

Mycobacterium live in what oxygen level and do that undergo spore formation or not

Answer 28

obligate aerobes | non-spore forming

Question 29

Mycobacterium have what type of cell wall

Answer 29

thick sticky cell wall | mycolic acid binds carbol fuscin dye

Question 30

Mycobacterium are encountered how, they multiple where, and spread where

Answer 30

encountered via ingestion or inhalation | can either multiply in the intestine or lung

Question 31

Mycobacterium is killed by cell mediated immunity but then under go what

Answer 31

latency period | upon reactivation, is deemed secondary TB

Question 32

How does a Mycobacterium granuloma form

Answer 32

multiplication in macrophages activation of CD4 (TH1) cytokine profile of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2 recruitment of more macrophages

Question 33

What is the structure of a Mycobacterium granuloma

Answer 33

shell of CD4 lymphocytes and a center of infected macrophages

Question 34

What is used to diagnose TB

Answer 34

intradermal skin test acid-fast sputum culture (very slow) PCR

Question 35

This is a granulomatous disease what spreads via respiratory route of which the organism prefers lower temperature (skin)

Answer 35

leprosy (M. leprae)

Question 36

What are the two forms of leprosy

Answer 36

tuberculoid | lepromatous

Question 37

This is a milder form of leprosy, may be self limiting, and very few bacteria are present in the lesions

Answer 37

tuberculoid leprosy

Question 38

This is a sever, disfiguring form of leprosy, many organisms are found in the lesions, and cell-mediated immunity is significantly decreased

Answer 38

lepromatous leprosy

Question 39

True or False | M. leprae is uncultivable in vitro

Answer 39

True

Question 40

What animal may be a carrier of lepromatous disease (~20%)

Answer 40

armadillos