EX1 Antibodies/Complement/Diversity - Quan Flashcards
antibodies bind a _____ of antigenic structures, able to discriminate ____ antigens, bind antigen with ______ strength, and able to recognize antigen in its ______ form
variety
similar
great
native
The overall mission of an antibody is the ______ _____ _____
neutralize target antigen
antibodies are used for ________ via tagging microbial organisms or infected cells for phagocytosis
opsonization
antibodies are used for ______ ______ via recruiting complement system to destroy microbial organisms or infected cells
complement fixation
antibodies are used for _____ ____ via binding toxins in the blood and tissue to facilitate the removal of the toxins
direct neutralization
Ig____ is the major iG in serum and ___-___% of all Igs, it provides ______ immunity, plays a role in immunological _____, and it has a _____ structure
IgG 70-75% neonatal memory basic
Ig___ is less than ___% of all circulating Igs, is a major component of ___ cell surface Ig (__CR)
IgD
1
B
B-cell receptor (BCR)
Ig____ is very ___ in serum, found of the surface of _____ and ____ cells, important for killing ______, and contributes to ______
E scarce basophils and mast cells parasites allergy
Ig_____ is secreted in saliva, the receptor transports it across ____ _____, and is usually assembled as a ______
A
mucosal epithelium
dimer
Ig____ is about ___% of total Igs, it has a ______ structure, can serve as a _____, and is the _____ antibody secreted in response to the initial antigenic challenge
M 10 pentameric BCR first
The central component of the complement family is ____
C3
The later components of the complement family are _____
C5-9
_______ of complement molecules are the active complements
fragments
In order for complement to be activated, the masking of the _____ _____ is removed via ____ _____
active site
proteolytic cleavage
In opsonization and cell activation complement fragments (C___, C___, and C___) coat the ______ of a target, the ______ cells bind to the target, and ______ occurs
C3b, iC3b, C4b
surface
immune
phagocytosis
In chemotaxis, small fragments of complements (C___ and C___) form a ______ _____, this stimulates _____ to moves (toward/away) from the site of infection
C3a and C5a
concentration gradient
immune
toward
In lysis of target cells complement activation (C__) results in the assembly of ____ ____ _____
C5b
membrane attack complexes (MAC)
A MAC will insert itself into the lipid bilayers and form a large ______ on the cell membrane which causes cell _____
hole
lysis
Antibody-antigen complexes containing ____ or _____ activate the classical pathway
IgM or IgG1-3
Terminal _____ groups (on the microbial surface) activate the lectin pathway
mannose
Microbial ___ ____ activate the alternative pathway
cell walls
The _____ pathway uses various stages of C____, of which are cleaved by C___ _____
alternative
C3
C3 convertase
C____ is the adapter for the _____ pathway
C1
classical
free antibodies (do/do not) engage C1; there (is/is not) selective engagement by classical pathway activation, ______-_____ antibodies activate C1
do not
is
tissue-bound
In the classical pathway activated C___ cleave C2 and C4 to form C_____ (which is the classical C__ _____);C _____ is the classical C___ _______
C1 C4b2a C3 convertase C4b2a3b C5 convertase
Main differences between the alternative/classical pathway are; in the alternative pathway C3 undergoes ________ breakdown; and in the classical pathway it uses ____
spontaneous (C1 causes cleavage of C3s)
C1 (alternative pathway predominately uses forms of C3, no C1)
_____ is required for the initiation of the MAC complex; of which is made up of _____
C5b
C5b-C9
The antibody has a F___ light chain and a F__ heavy chain, of which is anchored to the cell membrane
Fab
Fc
True or False
antibodies can be used over and over, many times
False; an antibody can only be used once
The combination of ________ ______ _____ on the heavy and light chains constitute the antigen binding sites on Igs
complementarity-determining regions
Via the ______ theory of antibody diversity, cells respond to antigen by _____ the shapes of the antigen and make antibodies according
instructive
imprinting
Via the _______ theory of antibody diversity, antibody diversity is _____ generated, if over _____ types of antibodies can be pre-made, then a sufficient army is constituted; problems –> not enough ____
selective
randomly
10^7
genes
The antibodies expressed in mature B cells are _____ and _____
membrane IgM and IgD
specific antibodies are generated by ______ and ______ of different __ and ___ segments of the iG gene
deletion and recombination
V and C
____ ____ DNA is DNA which is passed down through the gametes before it is modified by somatic recombination or maturation
germ line
________ cells contain germ line DNA
pro-B (bone marrow stem cells)
The gene loci for Ig production in pro-B cells are non-functional due to lack of _____ ____ _____
open reading frame
There are 7 mechanism for antibody diversity;
- multiple germ lime ___ genes
- - and --_ recombination
- recombination _______
- _______ addition
- somatic _____
- assorted ____ and _____ combination
- ______ switching
V V-D and V-D-J inaccuracies N-nucleotide mutation heavy and light chain class
T cell receptors (are/are not) develop in a similar way to B cell receptors
are
T cells mature in the _______ and B cells mature in the ______
thymus
bone marrow
