EX1 Introduction - Bailey Flashcards
True or False
Oral infections are the most common reason individuals seek treatment for an infectious disease
True
A _______ in an invasion of the body by a microbe that causes damage either directly or indirectly
infection
The six steps in the infectious disease process
- Encounter
- Entry
- Colonization and/or invasion
- Multiplication and/or spread
- Damage
- Outcome
The first line of defense against invading organisms is the _____
skin (innate immunity)
The skin provides protection from organisms via ________ of skin epithelium, its _______ surfaces, and the action of ______ and _______. This is the physical barrier
desquamation
mucosal
tears and saliva
The primary secreted compounds that are micobicidal are the ______ ______. This is the chemical barrier
antimicrobial peptides (AMPs; like lysozyme, definisns, etc. - are cationic)
The commensal microbes in our body are called the ______. This is the biological barrier
microbiota
These cells of this immune system are the first to respond to injury, do NOT respond to specific microbes, and are not antigen specific
Innate Immune cells
Innate immune cells are derived from (myeloid/lymphoid) cells
myeloid
The four cells of the innate immune system are
- monocytes/macrophages
- neutrophils
- dendritic cells
- granulocytes (eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, etc.)
These cells play a prominent role in responses to parasitic infections (and in allergy)
eosinophils
These cells are highly phagocytic; roughly 5% of circulating leukocytes
monocytes
These polymorphonuclear cells comprise over 95% of circulating granulocytes (50% of leukocytes) and contain very high dense lobular nuclei filled with enzymatic granules; primary function is to kill bacteria
neutrophils
These cells are phagocytic and can also present antigens to lymphocytes; principal cell that links innate and adaptive immunity
dendritic cell
Adaptive immune cells are of (myeloid/lymphoid) origin
lymphoid
There are two components to the adaptive immune response
humoral and cell-mediated
The humoral component of the adaptive immune response is (B or T) cell mediated
B cell mediated
The cell-mediated component of the adaptive immune response is (B or T) cell mediated
T cell mediated (helper T and cytotoxic T)
B cells are ___-___% of blood lymphocytes, produce _________ (of which neutralize antigens)
5-15%
immunogloblins (antibodies)
*also contains B-cell receptors (BCRs)
B cells which secrete a large quantity of immunoglobulins are called _______
plasma cells
Helper T cells compose ____-_____% of blood lymphocytes, CD___, MHC___, they coordinate the _____ ______, and secrete ______
45-65% CD4 MHC-II immune response cytokines *contains T cell receptors (TCRs)
Cytotoxic T cells compose ____-____% of blood lymphocytes, CD__, MHC___, and ______ virually infected and tumor cells
15-30% CD8 MHC-I kill *contains T cell receptors (TCRs)
Cells of the adaptive immune system are activated at the site of infection or are they activated in the lymphoid tissues
They are activated in the lymphoid tissues; the activated antigen presenting cell (APC) circulates to the lymph activating naive T and B cells
Unique structures on microbes are referred to a ______ ______ _____ ______
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
The innate immune system uses ____ ____ ____ to recognize PAMPs
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
PRRs include receptors such as…
toll-like receptors
N-formyl-methionyl receptor
mannose receptor
scavenger receptor
TLRs intracellular component recognizes _____ and its extracellular component recognizes _______; upon activation activate the release of ______/_______, _____ molecules, and co-_______ molecules
viruses (mostly) bacteria cytokines/chemokines adhesion co-stimulatory
_______ is any substance that can be specifically bound by a cell of the adaptive immune response
antigen (Ag)
An _______ is an antigen that elicits and immune response
immunogen
A _______ induces immunological tolerance or immune non-responsiveness
Tolerogen
An antigen that causes an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction
Allergen
These cells nonspecifically kill virus infected and tumor cells
natural killer (NK)
B cells (can/can not) be directly activated my antigen
can; but T cells are often needed
T cells (can/can not) recognize antigen alone
can not
