EX2 Bacterial Infection and Bacterial Surface Structures - Bailey

Question 1

These must have oxygen to grow

Answer 1

strict aerobes

Question 2

These cannot tolerate oxygen

Answer 2

obligate anaerobes

Question 3

The can grow with or without oxygen (most medically important)

Answer 3

facultative anaerobes

Question 4

These can grow with limited nutrients

Answer 4

oligotrophs

Question 5

These require some oxygen, but lower levels of oxygen

Answer 5

microaerophiles

Question 6

These grow will in mild temps (15-45°C)

Answer 6

mesophiles

Question 7

What structure does the gram stain adhere to

Answer 7

murein = peptidoglycan

Question 8

Which gram bacteria has a thick Murein layer and stains a dark purple/blue

Answer 8

gram +

Question 9

What is the structure of Murein

Answer 9

N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine chains cross linked via peptide bonds

Question 10

What will recognize peptidoglycan

Answer 10

PRRs

Question 11

What is the biosynthesis of Murein

Answer 11

NAG and NAM synthesied in the cytoplasm, then link into a chain and then shuttled to the periplasm, then it is cross-linked via a peptide bond

Question 12

This is found only on gram positive bacteria, extending the the murein, and interacts with the cell membrane

Answer 12

teichoic acid

Question 13

These are fatty acids attached to a phosphorylated disaccharide, a component of LPS

Answer 13

lipid A

Question 14

LPS has this type of core, of which its sugars are unique to bacteria

Answer 14

polysaccharide

Question 15

This is the highly variable repeating sugar subunit of LPS

Answer 15

O-antigen

Question 16

O-antigen is the main reason for what

Answer 16

the different antigenic specificites amount gram(-) bacteria

Question 17

LPS induces what, and is known as what

Answer 17

TNF-α and can lead to septic shock

ENDOTOXIN

Question 18

TLR-4 recognizes what

Answer 18

LPS

Question 19

TLR-2 recognizes what

Answer 19

peptidoglycan

Question 20

TLR-2 and TLR-6 together recognize what

Answer 20

teichoic acids

Question 21

This is involved in the attachment of bacteria to cells and other surfaces; can also be used for gene transfer (antibiotic resistance)

Answer 21

pili (fimbriae)

[sex pili]

Question 22

These are specialized proteins that are located on the tip of fimbriae

Answer 22

adhesions; specifically developed for adhesion

Question 23

This is the term for when multiple flagella are located at one end of the bacterium

Answer 23

lophotrichous

Question 24

This is the term for when multiple flagella are located all over the bacterium

Answer 24

peritrichous

Question 25

What are the three components of a flagella and what is the portion you can see

Answer 25

filament (can see this) hook rod

Question 26

True or False | Flagella move the bacterium in a corkscrew like pattern

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The bacterium moves through a period of what, with CCW or CW being the main movement direction

Answer 27

runs and tumbles | CCW

Question 28

When movement is directed it is referred to as this

Answer 28

taxis

Question 29

Taxis can be directed in which way

Answer 29

toward something good or away from something bad

Question 30

This is a substance that surrounds a cell

Answer 30

glycocalyx

Question 31

A glycocalyx that is well organized, firmly attached is called a what? it is usually made of polysaccharides, but can include monosaccharides and glycoproteins

Answer 31

capsule

Question 32

A glycocalyx that is not well organized or firmly attached is called a what

Answer 32

slime layer

Question 33

What role does a capsule play when it comes to an immune response

Answer 33

a capsule makes it harder for a macrophage to phagocytose | for some bacteria, it is a virulence factor

Question 34

True or False | The immune system can recognize a bacterium that has a capsule

Answer 34

True; TLR-5

Question 35

TLR-5 recognizes what

Answer 35

flagella (and capsules)

Question 36

What happens when the immune system recognizes a microbe

Answer 36

the release of cytokines

Question 37

O antigen always refers to what

Answer 37

LPS; gram (-)

Question 38

What does O, H, and K antigens refer to

Answer 38

LPS flagella capsules

Question 39

Bacterial pathogens can be classified into 2 broad classes

Answer 39

opportunistic and primary

Question 40

True or False | Opportunistic bacteria rarely cause disease in individuals with intact immunological and anatomical defenses

Answer 40

True

Question 41

These pathogens only cause disease if something goes wrong with the host

Answer 41

opportunistic

Question 42

These pathogens are capable of establishing infection and causing disease in individuals with intact immune defenses

Answer 42

primary

Question 43

Primary pathogens contain these

Answer 43

virulence determinants that allow them to adhere, colonize, invade, and induce damage

Question 44

What must a pathogen do before it can colonize, invade, or otherwise affect the host tissue

Answer 44

adhere

Question 45

What are the two types of adherence

Answer 45

non-specific | specific

Question 46

This type of adherence is reversible and there are multiple ways to dock

Answer 46

non-specific

Question 47

This type of adherence is irreversible and is anchoring

Answer 47

specific

Question 48

Specific adhesion involves which substances and found where

Answer 48

adhesions | tips of fimbriae

Question 49

In S. mutans, what is so special about the formation of a pellicle

Answer 49

the adhesion of glucose transferase which binds to a salivary protein that is involved in the formation

Question 50

This is a complex multifunctional glycoprotein commonly found in plasma and associated with mucosal surfaces; an adhesion

Answer 50

fibronectin

Question 51

S. pyogenes binds to fibronectin through the use of what

Answer 51

lipotechoic acids

Question 52

What is a limiting factor in colonization

Answer 52

nutrient ability

Question 53

What are the three methods of how bacteria take-up nutrients

Answer 53

carrier-mediated diffusion phosphyorlation-linked transport active transport

Question 54

This type of nutrient take up involves a carrier protein that follows a concentration gradient

Answer 54

carrier-mediated diffusion

Question 55

This type of nutrient take up involves a carrier protein as an enzyme that changes the nutrient (i.e. glucose to G6P)

Answer 55

phosphorylation-liked transport

Question 56

This type of nutrient take up involves the use of ATP to create H+ concentration gradient which brings in H+ and lactose (for example)

Answer 56

active transport

Question 57

This is often needed for pathogenesis, but it alone is not sufficient enough for pathogenesis; additional virulence determinants are needed

Answer 57

colonization

Question 58

What are three examples of how additional virulence determinants are needed with colonization

Answer 58

induce changes in the host cell incude damage upon invasion produce toxin after colonization

Question 59

How does E.coli induce tissue pathology upon colonization

Answer 59

colonization leads to actin polymerization actin polymerization causes structural rearrangement of host cell structural changes to host cell leads to loss of function

Question 60

These are the most prominent mechanisms used to invade host tissue

Answer 60

hyaluronidase and collangenase

Question 61

hylauronidase will degrade what

Answer 61

hyluronic acid; a common component of the ECM

Question 62

collagenase will degrade what

Answer 62

collagen; an important component of connective tissue

Question 63

True or False | Endotoxin is secreted

Answer 63

False; it is not secreted, it is on the surface of the bacterium; LPS exotoxin is secreted

Question 64

What does type 1 exotoxin target

Answer 64

membrane acting; stimulates transmembrane signals

Question 65

what does type 2 exotoxin target

Answer 65

membrane damaging; creates pores

Question 66

what does type 3 exotoxin target

Answer 66

intracellular effecters; gets into host cell and induces enzymatic activity

Question 67

Pathogenesis (or damage to the host) is often regulated by what

Answer 67

microbial factors

Question 68

The infectious organism uses with lytic viral infections, invasions damage host tissue, and toxin producing microbes, and what does the host response result in

Answer 68

phagocytes | cytotoxic T cells