EX1 Cytokines/Chemokines - Bailey Flashcards
Proteins secreted by cells that mediate the functions of the immune system
cytokines
the term ________ refers to the fact that many proteins are produced by one immune cell to act on neighboring cells
interleukin (more specific than cytokine)
Cytokine secretion is _____ and ___-_____; it is not ________
brief and self-limited
instantaneous
Cytokine action is _____ and ________; they act in _______
pleitropic (multiple functions) and redundant
synergy
Cytokines ________ each other
influence
Cytokines can act _______ and ________
locally and systemically
Cytokines initiate their actions by binding to _______ membrane-bound receptors
specific
Cytokine receptor ligation leads to _____ _____ which alters _____ _____
gene expression
cellular function
True or False
Cytokines work either for the innate system or the adaptive system; not both
False; many cytokines overlap systems
cells that produce cytokines include…..
lymphocytes
monocytes/macrophages
all the cells of innate/adaptive immunity
endothelial/epithelial cells
Cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1α/β IL-6, IL-12, IFN (and others) are _______
pro-inflammatory
Cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β are _______
anti-inflammatory
Cytokines are important for immunity because they ______ immune cells, ______ immune cells to site of infection, and help ______ the _______ immune response
activate
recruit
activate
adaptive
This cytokine is the principal mediator for the acute inflammatory response to gram-negative bacteria, endotoxic shock, and chronic inflammatory conditions
TNF-α
This cytokine has two forms, an α and β, which bind to the same receptor and have the same function
IL-1
This cytokine is primarily produced by mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils
IL-1
This cytokine is involved with induction of inflammatory response
IL-6
This cytokine is produced by monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, DC cells, and T cells
TNF-α
This cytokine is primarily produced by macrophages and T cells
IL-6
This cytokine stimulates the recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, and activated T cells to the site of infection
TNF-α
True or False
TNF-α can have detrimental effects as well as beneficial effects
True; if it is found in too high of quantities it can cause septic shock
This cytokine is primarily involved with induction of the acute phase response
IL-6
During an infection, what causes you to be sick
cytokines (IL-6/IL-1) on brain (?)
This cytokine is the primary mediator of innate immune response to intracellular pathogens
IL-12
This cytokine is important for the generation of adaptive immune response that would be appropriate for intracellular pathogens - Th1 immunity
IL-12
IL-12 stimulates the activation of macrophages via ______
IFN-γ
This cytokine can be produced be NK cells, Th cells, and Tk cells
IFN-γ
These cytokines are involved with Th1 type immunity
IFN-γ (and IL-2)
These cytokines are involved with Th2 type immunity
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 (and IL-2)
This cytokine is primarily produced by cells of the adaptive immune response
IL-2
This cytokine is needed for the growth, survival, and differentiation of T cells (both helper and killer)
IL-2
____ _____ is IL-2 dependent
clonal expansion
The adaptive immunity most effective against INTRAcellular pathogens is (Th1 or Th2)
Th1
The adaptive immunity most effective against INTERcellular(extracellular) pathogens is (Th1 or Th2)
Th2
The primary function of this cytokine is to facilitate the ability of macrophages to kill intracellular microbes; enhances microbicidal activity and increase the population of opsonizing antibodies
IFN-γ
IFN-γ will also increase _____ ______
antigen presentation; so that Tk cells can kill intracellular pathogens
This cytokine is a key Th2 cytokine and is the primary stimulus for Ig class switching to Ig___
IL-4
IgE
This cytokine can induce naive Th cells to differentiate into Th2 cells (just like IL-4) and also induces Ig isotope switching to Ig____; and it stimulates mucous production in gut and lung
IL-13
IgE
This cytokine can facilitate inflammation by increasing adhesion molecule and chemokine expression
IL-13
This cytokine’s primary job is in eosinophil (protection of parasites) differentiation, proliferation, and activation
IL-5
IL-5 (and other Th2 cytokines) are involved in ______ responses
allergic
Innate cytokines are often considered _______
inflammatory
IL-12 and IFN help to activate the (adaptive/innate) immune response
adaptive (particularly Th1)
This cytokine inhibits the production of IL-12 and is produced by macrophages, dendritic cells and Th cells
IL-10
These are chemotactic cytokines and make up the largest category of cytokines; their primary role is to regulate migration of cells to peripheral tissue or lymph
chemokines
Classification of chemokines is based on the number and location of ________ _____ ______
N-terminal cysteine resides
CXC (cysteine, something, cysteine)
CC (cysteine-cysteine)
etc.
Chemokine receptors bind with (only one/multiple) chemokines and can be found on (specific/many different) cells
multiple
many different
Chemokines are responsible for ______ _____
increasing affinity
Chemokines increase affinity by creating a ____ _____ of which immune cells follow
concentration gradient
This type of cytokine receptor binds IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-13; its binds via Jak-STAT
Type I
This type of cytokine receptor binds IFN-γ and IL-10; binds via Jak-STAT
Type II
This type of cytokine receptor binds TNF-α; binds via multiple signaling cascades (can lead to TF expression or apoptosis)
TNF receptor superfamily
This type of cytokine receptor binds IL-1; signals similarly to TLRs
IL-1 receptor family
