EX1 Transplant Immunology - Bailey Flashcards
cells or tissues that is being transplanted
graft
transplanting a cell or tissue to the same anatomical site
orthotopic
transplanting a cell or tissue to a different anatomical site
heterotopic
transfer of circulating cells from one individual to another
transfusion
graft transplant from one individual to the same individual
autologous graft
graft transplanted between two genetically identical (or very similar) individuals
syngeneic graft
graft between two genetically different individuals
allogenic graft
Peter Medawar proved that graft rejection was dependent upon the activation of the ________ immune response (more specifically ___ cells)
adaptive
T cells
Rejection of the graft is due to _____ mismatch
MHC
The body is able to eliminate T cells that recognize self antigens AND self _____; this is why a graft that has self antigens and DIFFERENT _____ is rejected
MHC
non-self MHC = allogenic MHC
True or False
Allogenic MHC and a self peptide can mimic the structure of a foreign peptide and self MHC
True; this can lead to graft rejection
When T cells recognize allogenic MHC (or allogenic MHC + self peptide) this is a (direct/indirect) alloantigen recognition
direct
Alloantigen recognition can also be indirect via the uptake of allogenic MHC by an ______ and presenting it as a _____ _____, and the T cell recognizes it as (self/non-self)
APC
self peptide
self
This graft rejection occurs in couple of days after; it is due to pre-existing alloreactive antibodies which lead to the complement cascade and inflammation, etc.
Hyperacute rejection
This graft rejection occurs over a weeks time due to the activation of CD8 and B cells which produce antibodies that activate complement, etc, etc.
Acute rejection
This graft rejection results from macrophage activation in parenchyma thats leads to cytokine production and growth factors that intimal thickening
chronic rejection
In order to prevent graft rejection _________ medication is taken to reduce T cell activity
immunosuppression
Immunosuppressive drugs work by inhibiting ______ production but can also reduce ______ and block _____ and ____
cytokine
IL-2
CD3 and B7
These type of transplants are used for the treatment of __________ diseases
Bone marrow transplant
hematological (cancer, immunodeficiencies, etc)
Bone marrow transplant recipients run the risk of developing _____ ____ _____ disease
graft versus host (graft = bone marrow, attacking the host = recipient)
The first real evidence that the immune system is involved with cancer is that ____ cells taken from a mouse with a tumor and transplanted into a mouse without the tumor is now (resistant/not-resistant) to that type of cancer
CD8
resistant
True or False
T cells cannot recognize cancers and antigens
False; T cells recognize antigens and there are several antigens associated with tumor cells such as mutated self, oncogenes, etc.
Some tumors down regulate ______ which will trigger the activation of ____ cells; thus stimulating apoptosis in the cancer/tumor
MHCI
NK cells
Activated NK cells produce _____ which stimulates the production of ______
IFN-γ
macrophages
If the tumor-associated macrophages do not receive ______, then they can _______ tumor formation
IFN-γ
enhance
IFN-γ leads to the formation of (M1/M2) macrophages
M1
IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 lead to the activation of (M1/M2) macrophages
M2
True or False
M1 macrophages enhance tumor
False; M1 macrophages suppress tumors/kill tumor cells; M2 macrophages enhance tumors
The principal mechanism of tumor immunity is killing tumor cells by _____
CD8, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
CD8 T cells are most effective against ______ ____ _____ tumors
DNA virus-induced
T cells can induce ______ in cancer cells; via perforin and granzymes
apoptosis
True or False
In some cases CTLs are phagocytosed into the tumor cell therefore activating other CTLs (cross priming)
True
The role of CD4 cells (is/is not) clear
is not clear; many help activate CD8, or produce Th1 cytokines
B cells are important for anti-tumor immunity via ____ _____ ______ _______
antibody mediated NK cell cytotoxicity; NK cells induce apoptosis, etc.)
People with _____ ______ _____ are at an increased risk of developing cancers
chronic inflammatory diseases
How can the immune system lead to cancer; _______ can lead to hyperplasia (increased cell proliferation) which can lead to _______, and ____ ____ can damage nucleic acids
cytokines
dysplasia (abnormal cell development)
free radicals
